1. The Age of Reason 1500’s – 1700’s AD
TERMS
Dark Age
Gothic Era
The Crusades
The Renaissance
Humanism
Reason
The Printing Press
The Protestant Reformation
The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Method
Nicolaus Copernicus
Geocentric
Heliocentric
Telescope
Galileo Galilei
Heresy
excommunication
Isaac Newton
Gravity
EUROPE EXPERIENCES A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

2. Europe in the Dark Ages 450 – 1200’s AD
For Centuries most of Europe had been united under the centralized control of the Roman Empire
With the collapse of the Western half of the Roman Empire in 450 Europe quickly slips into a Dark Age
Completely decentralized, no central authority to keep order
constant warfare & hardship
Avg. lifespan = 30 yrs/old
Sometime referred to as the Gothic Era
The Eastern half of the Roman Empire will stay united and flourish for another 1,000 yrs as the Byzantine Empire
Through this chaos the Catholic Church asserts control through its Patriarch (Pope) in Rome
In an effort to maintain power the Church keeps strict control over the flow of information in Europe

3. ***All 3 challenge established thought***
A Time of Change
The Renaissance (1300’s – 15/1700’s)
An Effect of Cultural Diffusion caused by the Crusades and increased trade
Greco Roman knowledge of the Arts & Sciences is re-introduced to Europe
Leads to Humanism (an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters) & a revival in the study of the sciences
Guttenberg perfects the Printing Press (1440AD)
Information can now be shared between intellectuals and ideas begin to spread rapidly
The Protestant Reformation (1517 – 1600’s)
Severely limits the ability of the Catholic Church to control information & ideas
The Scientific Revolution (1500 – 1700’s)
Drastic change in human understanding of the natural world
***All 3 challenge established thought***

4. Check for Understanding
• The world view shifted from other-worldly to secular.
• Greek and Roman ideas were revived.
• Improvements were made to the printing press.
Which occurrence is most closely associated with these aspects of the Renaissance?
(1) Gothic cathedrals became the focal point of town activities.
(2) Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope.
(3) Early Scientist begin to question traditional beliefs about the natural world.
(4) Emperors used the Twelve Tables to bring about Pax Romana

5. Understanding the Solar System
Important Scientists & Thinkers
Nicolaus Copernicus
Theorizes that solar system is actually heliocentric
Challenges the Geocentric theories of Ptolemy & the Church
Galileo:
Creates the first Telescope
Backs up the heliocentric theory with hard evidence from years of observations
Isaac Newton:
Discovered the existence of Gravity
Formulated the Uniform Laws of the Universe

6. Check for Understanding
Which individual is correctly paired with an individual who further developed his ideas?
(1) Pope Urban II  Martin Luther
(2) Hernando Cortez  Simon Bolivar
(3) Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei
(4) Louis XVI  Maximilien Robespierre
The heliocentric model of the universe developed by Copernicus and Galileo was considered heresy during their lives because it (1) linked astronomy to the teachings of Muhammad (2) supported the world view of the ancient Greeks (3) challenged the secular power of absolute monarchs (4) conflicted with the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church

7. New Discoveries lead to the Development of the Scientific Method (Francis Bacon)

8. Check for Understanding
Galileo Galilei and Sir Issac Newton are most closely associated with
(1) initiating religious reforms
(2) leading political revolutions
(3) conducting investigative experiments
(4) engaging in foreign conquests
Which pair of ideas were central to the Scientific Revolution?
(1) social stability and economic self-sufficiency
(2) scarcity and interdependence
(3) technology and military expansion
(4) observation and experimentation

9. Effects of the Scientific Revolution
The power of & faith in the Catholic Church was severely weakened
These discoveries revolutionized the way average Europeans thought
Began to question the role of religion in education
Began to solve life’s problems using logic & reasoning
Leads directly to The Enlightenment movement
If anything can be solved using reasoning than so can the problems of human societies
What is the best way to govern nations?
What is the most effective economic system?
What is the fairest way to structure society?
These new ideas will challenge the authority of Monarchs as well as the Church

10. Check for Understanding
One scientific belief held by both René Descartes and Isaac Newton is that
(1) reasoned thought is the way to discover truth (2) new theories should be made to fit existing traditional ideas (3) the method by which discoveries are made is unimportant (4) difficult problems should be solved by reading religious texts
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the heliocentric theory became the centerpiece for debate between (1) capitalism and communism (2) science and religion (3) colonialism and nationalism (4) isolationism and globalism

11. Critical Writing Assessment: The Scientific Revolution
Each assessment must be written in Paragraph form
Describe 3 major events and inventions that helped lead to the Scientific Revolution between 1300 – 1600AD?
Describe how the following early scientist change the way Europeans understood the world around them:
Nicolaus Copernicus, Galilio Galilei, & Isaac Newton
Describe how the Scientific Revolution both further weakens the power of the Catholic Church as well as inspire new movements in thought?