1. Electromagnetic Waves

2. Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s Equations
Lorentz Force

3. Displacement Current
Flowing current generates a magnetic field, but what about inside a capacitor where current doesn’t flow? I B
A changing electric field also generates a magnetic field. E I

4. Wave Propagation in 3-D
Plane Waves - Crests of the 3 dimensional wave lie in a plane. Intensity remains constant.
Faraday’s Law
Solution is
Ampere’s Law

5. Properties of EM Waves E & B fields satisfy the same wave equation.
EM waves travel at velocity,
E & B fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel.
Magnitude of E & B fields obey
EM waves obey the superposition principle.

6. Polarization
Electric Wave
Preferential orientation of the wave’s electric field vectors. v
Magnetic Wave
Randomly
Oriented
Light
Vertically
Polarized
Intensity of polarized light from incident unpolarized light is 50%.

7. EM Spectrum Radio waves Microwaves Infrared Light (IR) Visible Light
Ultraviolet Light (UV)
X-Rays
Gamma Rays
Decreasing
Wavelength
Increasing
Frequency
Speed × 108 m/s

8. Energy in an EM Wave
Poynting vector - Rate at which energy flows through a unit surface perpendicular to the flow. (Units, W/m2)
Wave Intensity
Electric Wave v
WLW of Cincinnati was the first 500,000 Watt station. It was ordered to reduce its output to 50,000 Watts Mar. 1, 1939.
Magnetic Wave

9. Radiation Pressure Light has no mass; however, it does have momentum.
For complete absorption of light (inelastic collision), the pressure is
For complete reflection of light (elastic collision), the pressure is

10. Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Doppler Shift
For sound waves
For light
Light has no medium of propagation
+v is motion towards the observer
Star Spectra
Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Remember:

11. Evidences for IBB Hubble Constant Nucleosynthesis Microwave Background
73% H, 24% He, 3% other
Microwave Background
Large Scale Structure
Evidence of Dark Matter

12. Young Creation Models How does distant light get to us?
Light created in transit.
Speed of light is slowing down.
White hole cosmology
Non-uniform properties of space
Responses to the inflationary big bang model arise because it is difficult to remove the 13 billion year old universe prediction from the model itself. Also if the universe is really as big as it seems, then how does light travel a distance of billions of light years.
Light created in transit (Mature creation) model states that the physical objects were created as well as the light between them. If the light between them was not there, then we would not comprehend the magnitude of the creation.
Speed of light slowing down was proposed by Setterfield and is based on observation of the speed of light ranging back to the late 1700’s. The objection to this model is that we don’t want to change fundamental parameters of the universe.
White hole cosmology is a recent model proposed by Russ Humphreys. He holds to a Big Bang type model with the earth at the center. The proposal is that when the earth went through the event horizon of the a white hole, time transpired at different rates by general relativity. When only a day transpired on earth, the cosmos aged billions of years. The objection to this model is that we do not want to put the earth in a unique position within the universe. Also there are problems with local phenomena not showing a distinctive difference than distant phenomena.
A final possibility is that space has more complexity to it than currently assumed and this complexity provides conditions for super-luminal speeds of light.

13. Big Bang Critique Quintessence Exotic Dark Matter
Laws of Thermodynamics
Inflation
Exceed speed of light by 1024×
Not constrained enough
“...supporters of Big Bang cosmology gain for themselves a large bag of free parameters that can subsequently be tuned as the occasion may require.” (Burbidge, Hoyle, & Narlikar)
Composition of the Universe: 5% atoms, 26% dark matter, 69% dark energy

14. Kepler Mission Description Results as of Nov. 2013 Launched March 2009
View 145,000 stars near Cygnus
Observe planet transits
Stabilization failed May 2013
Results as of Nov. 2013
3538 candidate planets
10 earth sized in habitable zone
Nearest maybe 12 light years away
Number of stars in the galaxy – 300 billion
Results from Kepler mission as of Nov. 8th, 2013.
Kepler had a failure in its steering mechanism this year.
View 145,000 main sequence stars in a fixed view.
Looked at 3538 candidate planets in the constellation Cygnus. (Looking at direction of sun’s motion relative to the galactic center. Therefore, they are in the same galactic habitable zone.)
647 are earth sized (1 – 2 earth sizes)
104 are in the habitable zone
10 meet both criteria
Nearest planet is 12 lightyears away.
Using transit methods. Therefore, could be 100x more planets that just are being observed.
Stars like ours (our sun and red dwarves) having earth-like planets is estimated to be %.