1. Standard Eight dash two point three
The
American
Revolution:
Standard Eight dash two point three

2. On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain
Americans
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

3. Loyalist
Strongholds

4. Washington’s Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

5. Exports & Imports:

6. Military Strategies The Americans The British
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

7. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

8. The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.

9. Phase II:
NY & PA [ ]

10. New York City in Flames (1776)

11. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

12. A modern-day re-enactment
Why is the Battle of Saratoga important? Considered a “Turning Point” of the War because it convinced the French to join the Patriot cause.
A modern-day re-enactment

13. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

14. What happened at the Battle of Fort Sullivan?
Patriots know British are coming by sea
Tried to build Fort Sullivan (now called Fort Moultrie) but it was incomplete when attacked
June 28, 1776
British shoot from ships
Shelling ineffective because of Palmetto logs
Try to attack by land, but cannot cross Breech
Inlet

16. British fleet leaves
This was a major victory for the Patriots.
Britain lost more than 200 men. Patriots loss fewer than 40.
British would not return to SC for 4 years

17. During the battle Sgt. William Jasper jumped from the fort to save the fort’s flag

18. Why did the British launch the Southern Campaign?
After Saratoga British are at a stalemate
Britain decides to come South and get help from South Carolina’s Loyalists

19. What happened at the siege of Charleston?
February- May 1780
Charleston was under siege by the British land forces for many days.
Charleston harbor was blockaded and supply lines were cut off.
Patriot troops, trapped on the peninsula, were forced to surrender to the British.
Other Patriot forces in South Carolina also surrendered and were paroled- sworn not to fight anymore.

20. 5000 soldiers become POW’s
3rd largest military surrender in American history
Who is left to fight? Will South Carolina accept British rule?

21. What did the British do to increase SC’s resistance?
Treated the colonists harshly, burning churches, looting homes and harassing citizens.
Changed the terms of the parole- required former Patriots to fight against their countrymen

22. What happened at the Waxhaws?
May 29, 1780
Patriot forces attempted to surrender before firing a shot
British ordered the men killed anyway
Called Buford’s Massacre
Loyalists joined the Patriot cause because of Britain’s brutality.

23. What tactics do the Patriots begin using?
Guerilla warfare
Pick off British and loyalist forces and supply lines

24. Who were the Partisan leaders?
Thomas Sumter: the “Fighting Gamecock.” Area- Santee River. Wealthy planter. Impulsive.
Andrew Pickens: the “Wizard Owl.” Area- Back Country. Loyalists attacked, burned his home. Broke parole to return to fighting
Francis Marion: the “Swamp Fox.” . Area- Pee Dee. French Huguenot. Thoughtful, quick
William Harden: employed guerilla warfare.

25. Francis Marion Thomas Sumter

26. Andrew Pickens William Harden

27. What happened at the Battle of Camden?
August 16, 1780
South Carolina Patriots were unprepared at Camden and fled when British forces appeared
The defeat signified that almost all of South Carolina was under the control of the British.
As a result, the command of General Horatio Gates was transferred to Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene.
Greene realized that the Continental regulars could learn a lot from Partisan soldiers.

30. What happened at the Battle of King’s Mountain?
October 7, 1780
Loyalist forces command by Major Patrick Ferguson
Ferguson threatens people of the back country
“Overmountain men” are not amused

31. Brits have high ground, but this time it is a disadvantage
Loyalist troops attempted to surrender
the Patriots gave them “Tarleton’s Quarter”
All are killed or captured
Considered a turning point because the British began to retreat from the Upcountry.

33. The Battle of Cowpens

34. What happened at the Battle of Cowpens?
January 17,1781
Partisans had a reputation among the British regular forces of turning tail and running.
The American commander, Daniel Morgan counted on this reputation for his battle plan.

35. The partisans, under the leadership of Andrew Pickens, led the attack and then fled the field, tricking the British regulars into thinking that the Americans were again retreating.
Instead, the partisans lured the British forces into the guns of the regular American army.

36. British were soundly defeated
1st time in the war that American army defeated a force of British regulars.
British retreated northward into North Carolina to fight, then wait for supplies, eventually moving on toward

39. Who was Isaac Hayne?
Partisan fighter who signed a parole at the Fall of Charleston
Upon his return home he is asked to swear allegiance to Britain or return to Charleston as a POW
His wife and kids have small pox and several are near death. Hayne doesn’t feel he has an option other than to take the pledge.
Swears allegiance to the British and agrees to side with them under certain conditions
Months later, Hayne feels those conditions are no longer in effect and he returns to the Patriots
He is captured

40. British decided to use him as an example and maybe break the Patriot’s progress
After a brief trial, Hayne was hanged as a traitor to the crown.
Greene stated that he would retaliate
Marion is FURIOUS
Important rally of support for Patriots

41. What happened at the Battle of Eutaw Springs?
September 8, 1781
Last MAJOR battle in South Carolina
Patriots launch attack and appear to be winning, but rather than finishing the battle the Patriots begin looting the British camp.
During this time the British reorganize and launch a counter-attack
The Patriots retreat

42. Why is it important?
it marked the clearance of the British from the state and region (with the exception of a few coastal enclaves that were finally evacuated after Yorktown and during the peace proceedings in 1782)
End of the British southern campaign.

43. Why is this important? King’s Mountain- British lose ¾ of their men
Cowpens- British lose ½ of their men
Guilford Courthouse- British lose 1/3 of their men
Eutaw Springs- British lose ¼ of their men
Nathaneal Greene is losing most of the battles but he is still in the fight