1. I. Basic Techniques in Structural Geology
Field measurements and mapping
Terminology on faults and folds
Stereographic projections
From maps to cross-sections
Growth Strata
Fault-related folds
Seismic Imaging

2. reading
Suppe (chapter 2)
Davis&Reynolds (p )

3. A geologic map represents the geometric relationship between the various rock units faults at the surface.
Any interpretation of the sub—surface must be consistent with the geologic control, and style of deformation revealed by the map; as well as with the information available from the subsurface (well logs, seismic profiles…).

6. Gressly’s prediction before the tunnel…
Amanz Gressly 1859…
Desor & Gressly 1859
Gressly’s prediction before the tunnel…

7. Le premier juillet 1857 on inaugure dans l'enthousiasme le tronçon La Chaux-de-Fonds - Le Locle. Cette première voie ferrée en terre neuchâteloise témoigne de l'esprit d'entreprise des industriels et des commerçants du Haut.
Dès le 15 juillet 1860, on peut se rendre en train du Locle à Neuchâtel. La ligne emprunte le tunnel du Mont Sagne et celui des Loges qui avec ses 3259 mètres est alors le plus long de Suisse.
Source: Cop, Raoul  Histoire de La Chaux-de-Fonds, 2006

8. Gressly’s subsurface prediction
was an extrapolation of surface geology…
Desor & Gressly 1859

9. Gressly’s prediction before the tunnel…
After the tunnel…
Desor & Gressly 1859
Gressly’s prediction before the tunnel…

10. Construction of a cross-section
Define the plane section (in general vertical but not necessarily).
Determine topographic profile (without any vert. exaggeration)
Plot geologic data (measurements of strike and dip; intersections of stratigraphic contacts; faults).
Extrapolate and interpolate data.

11. Apparent dip angles can be determined from vector algebra, stereonets or graphs

12. Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

13. Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

14. Projecting the map, using the fold axis…

15. Preparation of a normal profile (or structure profile of the fold)
Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

16. Preparation of a normal profile (or structure profile of the fold)
Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

17. Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

18. Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

19. Determinantion of bed thickness
(note the difference with outcrop breadth)
Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

20. Structure Contour lines
Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

21. Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

22. Extrapolation and interpolation
- Some assumptions are needed to extrapolate.
- Is the proposed section a possible geometry?