1. Macromolecules A Little More on Carbohydrates & Lipids

2. Do Now Hand in homework (writing prompt)
Take a set of THREE sheets from the front, get a scissor for your desk, and leave on your desk
Answer the following question: Think about various diets people try to follow – make a list of these. What kinds of things do people try to restrict from their diets? Why? Based on what you learned about biomolecules, Do you think these diets are a good choice?

3. What are carbohydrates?
Sugars and starches
Used for:
Energy storage
Structural materials
Made of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)x
3 types
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

4. Model Building!!!

5. Monosaccharides Simple sugars - one monomer
Function – major source of quick energy
Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose

6. Glucose vs. Fructose vs. Galactose
main source of energy
2 forms: linear and ring formula C6H12O6
Sources: ripe fruits, nectar, sap, blood
Formula: C6H12O6
Sources: Milk
Formula: C6H12O6
Sources: Fruits

7. What do you notice about the chemical formulas for glucose, fructose and galactose?
All C6H12O6 – they are isomers
What about their names???
They all end in ose

8. Bonding of MonosaccharidesHO H
H2O O
Animation

9. Bonding of monosaccharides…
What did you remove to make a disaccharide?
Condensation reaction (aka dehydration synthesis) – release of water molecule to bond two monomers

10. How are sugars broken down?
Hydrolysis reaction – Opposite reaction: water added to break apart bonds between 2 or more monomers

11. 1. Maltose (used in brewing beer) glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
Examples:
1. Maltose (used in brewing beer)
glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
2. Sucrose (table sugar)
glucose + fructose  sucrose +H2O
3. Lactose (sugar in milk)
glucose + galactose  lactose + H2O

12. Model Building!!!

13. Glycogen stores in liver cells
Polysaccharides
Polymer – large chains of monosaccharides
Examples:
1. Starch – storage polymer in plants
2. Glycogen – storage polymer in animals
3. Cellulose – part of cell wall in plants
4. Chitin – used by insects, crustaceans, fungi
Glycogen stores in liver cells
Tiger beetle

14. LIPIDS! Energy storage, protective tissue; structure, regulatory
Non-polar (NOT water soluble)
Higher ratio of C and H to O than carbs

15. Types of Lipids 1. Fatty Acids Hydrophilic, “water-loving” head
Hydrophobic, “water-fearing” tail
C-H bonds nonpolar

16. Triglycerides
3 fatty acids – hydro-phobic
1 glycerol - hydrophilic

17. Carbons NOT bonded 4 atoms ALL carbons bonded to 4 atoms
2 Types of fatty acids
Unsaturated
Carbons NOT bonded 4 atoms
Saturated
ALL carbons bonded to 4 atoms
Single bonds
Double bonds
Straight chain
Kinks

18. Saturated – solid at RT
Examples: lard, butter, fats in red meat
Unsaturated – soft or liquid at RT
Examples: fish fats, corn oil

19. Structural fat used to build cell membranes
2. Phospholipids
Structural fat used to build cell membranes

20. 3. Waxes
Protective, structural fat; long fatty acid chain attached to an alcohol

21. 4. Steroids
Characteristic structure: 4 carbon rings fused together with functional groups attached
Testosterone
Estrogen