2. Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers
Chapter 9
Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers

3. Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:
Describe dietary supplements and their effect on the body
Give at least four examples of popular dietary supplements on the market today
Explain what performance enhancers do, and why many athletes take them

4. Objectives (cont’d.)
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.):
Name the athletic organizations that monitor drug use by athletes
Discuss how education is important to the understanding of supplements and performance enhancers
Explain the athletic code of ethics

5. Popular Nutritional Supplements
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act defines a dietary supplement as:
A product (other than tobacco) intended to enhance the diet, that contains one or more of the following:
Vitamins
Minerals
Amino acids
Herbs, and/or other botanical substances
Available in wide variety of commercial sources

6. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.)
Vitamins
Organic (carbon-containing) compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes
Enable the body to use energy provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
Don’t over use; more does not mean better

7. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.)
Vitamin supplements
Vitamins taken in addition to those received through the diet
Available in concentrated form in tablets, capsules, and drops
According to the FDA, the body cannot distinguish between a vitamin of plant or animal origin (natural) and one manufactured in a laboratory (synthetic)

8. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.)
Vitamin Myths
Food doesn’t contain right nutrients in adequate quantities
Help “bulk up” muscles & enhance performance
Provide needed energy
Can cure anything (including heart trouble, common cold, and cancer)
Don’t provide energy, help body access it
Scurvy and rickets can be cured with more vitamins

9. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.)
Minerals
Inorganic (non-carbon-containing) element
Necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in body functions
Contribute energy production as regulators, but do not provide energy
Found in water, and natural foods
Minerals in soil absorbed by plants
Excessive- hair loss, changes in blood, hormones, bones, muscles, blood vessels, tissues

10. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.)
Herbal supplements
Some of the world's oldest medicines
50% Americans believe good for health and well-being
Many safe, many are not
FDA considers them dietary supplements
Not regulated
New regulations will give FDA authority to oversee the manufacture of domestic and foreign-made dietary supplements (2010)
Manufacturers don’t have to demonstrate safety & effectiveness
FDA can remove from market only when proven to be unsafe

11. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.)
Glucosamine
Used to maintain joint cartilage
Not usually possible to ingest extra w/ food
Treat osteoarthritis & some sports injuries
Take with food
Side effects: stomach problems, heartburn, diarrhea
Types
Glucosamine sulfate
Glucosamine hydrochloride
N-acetyl-glucosamine
Do not take while on heart meds or insulin

12. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.)
Chondroitin
Naturally found in human and animal cartilage
Proven abilities to treat osteoarthritis
Also used to treat psoriasis and cancers (tests inconclusive)
Appears to be non-toxic w/ no contraindications
Consult if taking anticoagulant medication

13. Performance Enhancers
Ergogenic aid
Any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production and efficiency

14. Performance Enhancers
Research athletes that have been caught using ergogenic aids
What were they using?
How did they get caught?
Did it help them?
Any adverse effects?
What was the punishment?

15. Performance Enhancers
Anabolic-androgenic steroids
Manmade substances related to male sex hormones
Available legally by prescription
Treat low amounts testosterone (delayed puberty, impotence, etc.)
Most users are male
Estimated between 1 & 3 million athletes in US have used anabolic steroids
Muscle building, increased masculine appearance, class of drug

16. Performance Enhancers
Athletes take to enhance performance & improve appearance
Orally or injected in cycles
Increased risk of HIV/AIDS or hepatitis
Many psychiatric side effects: aggression, extreme mood swings (manic-like), depression, paranoid jealousy, irritability, delusions, impaired judgment (feeling invincible)

17. Performance Enhancers
Adverse effects include liver tumors, cancer, jaundice, fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases LDL and decreases HDL (bad and good cholesterol)
Men: shrinking testicles, reduced sperm, infertility, baldness, develop breasts, increased risk of prostate cancer
Women: grow facial hair, male-pattern baldness, change menstrual cycle, deep voice
Adolescents: halted growth, premature skeletal maturation, accelerated puberty changes

19. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.)
Growth hormones
Produced by the pituitary gland
Acts on most organs and tissues in the body
Works by increasing the conversion of amino acids into protein
Allows fat to be used for energy, saving glycogen
Adverse effects include heart disease, impotence, osteoporosis, and death

20. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.)
Androstenedione
Steroid hormone naturally produced in both men and women that is converted to testosterone or to estrogen
Adverse effects include early puberty, premature cessation of bone growth, extreme aggression, mood changes, decreased levels of cardiac-protective HDLs and elevated levels of estrogen

21. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.)
Caffeine
Increased alertness, energy, and improves mood
High levels can cause sleeplessness, anxiety, headache, upset stomach, nervousness, and dehydration
Banned over a certain limit by International Olympic Committee

22. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.)
Creatine monohydrate
Amino acid made by the liver and kidneys
Found naturally in skeletal muscle
Is converted into phosphocreatine in the body
Serves as a storage reservoir for quick energy
Popular in power sports (increases skeletal mm)
Adverse effects include weight gain, muscle cramping, dehydration, gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and seizures, as well as effects on kidney function
May depress body’s own synthesis & may not return to normal
Benefits have only been noted in poorly trained athletes, not elite athletes

23. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.)
Ephedra
Shrublike plant found in desert regions in central Asia and other parts of the world
Stimulant containing ephedrine
Widely used for weight loss, to boost energy, and to enhance athletic performance
Adverse effects include hypertension, palpitations, neuropathy, psychosis, stroke, memory loss, heart-rate irregularities, insomnia, nervousness, tremors, seizures, heart attacks, and death
Ephedrine found in asthma meds
Hypertension- elevated BP

24. Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards
International Olympic Committee Medical Commission
Created in 1961 to deal with doping
Goals:
Protect health, respect for medical and sports ethics, equality for competing athletes
National Collegiate Athletic Association
Drug-testing program
Drug classes: stimulants, anabolic steroids, other drugs

25. Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards
Several professional athletic teams have written policy statements concerning the use of banned substances

26. Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards
Research NCAA, professional, and Olympic (IOC) rules on banned substances
What are some of the banned substances?
How do they test for it?
What happens if test positive (i.e. punishments)?
NBA, NFL, MLS, NHL, MLB, Pro Wrestling

27. Education for Athletes
The Healthy Competition Foundation
Provides research, information, and strategies designed to eliminate use of performance enhancers
American College of Sports Medicine
International Olympic Committee
National Athletic Trainers Association
National Collegiate Athletic Association

28. Education for Athletes (cont’d.)
National Federation of State High School Associations
Physician and Sports Medicine
United States Food and Drug Administration
United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)
World Anti-Doping Agency

29. Ethics in Athletics Athletic code of ethics
Essential for protecting and promoting the interests of athletics and coaching profession
Ethics are basic principles of proper action
Essential elements are honesty and integrity
Code's primary purpose is to clarify and distinguish ethical practices from those that are detrimental and harmful

30. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.)
Proper conduct and good sportsmanship refer to standards such as:
Treat other persons as you know they should be treated, and as you would wish them to fairly treat you
Regard the rules of your game as agreements, the spirit or letter of which you should not evade or break
Treat officials and opponents with respect

31. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.)
Proper conduct and good sportsmanship standards (cont’d.):
Accept the final decision of any official
Honor visiting teams and spectators as your own guests and treat them as such
Be gracious in victory and defeat
Be as cooperative as you are competitive
Remember that your actions on and off the field reflect upon you and your school

32. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.)
Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes:
To teach and instruct students in the rules, fundamentals, and skills of various individual and team sports, and to provide physical training
To provide healthy competition and cooperation within and between schools

33. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.)
Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes (cont’d.):
To develop aspects of good sportsmanship that will enhance each student’s education
To maintain the spirit of true amateur competition

34. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.)
Guidelines for Coaches
School athletics part of education, not goal itself
Assist students toward developing fullest potential
Behavior of team can reflect coach’s own manner, and the school
Responsible for remaining objective

35. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.)
Guidelines for players
Respect themselves, coaches, and school
Rivalries encouraged, but disrespect is unsportsmanlike
Comply fully with rulings of officials
Adhere to rules of school, athletic department, and coaches

36. Conclusion
The use of dietary supplements and performance enhancers is a controversial issue
It is widely acknowledged that use of supplements and enhancers can do more harm than good
Athletes must understand the associated risks