1. Neuroscience Retake All assignments must be completed.
Including the Brain Mnemonic Assignment
Sims and Ports
Corrections need to be turned in.
Contract needs to be handed in by Tomorrow.
RETAKE: 35 Multiple Choice Questions
Neurotransmission, Neurotransmitters, Nervous System, Brain and Behavior.

2. Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness).
OBJECTIVE 14| Define psychoactive drug.

3. Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.
OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the nature of drug dependence, and identify three common misconceptions about drug addiction.

4. Withdrawal & Dependence
Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal.
Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).

5. Misconceptions about Addiction
Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological).
Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors.
Addictive drugs quickly corrupt: After taking drugs only (perhaps) 10% become addict.
Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily: It can be to a large extent.
Addiction not different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors: Indeed. But should we stretch the concept to cover social behaviors?

6. Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
OBJECTIVE 16| Name the main categories of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain.

7. Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepine
Opiates
OBJECTIVE 17| Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and behavior, and summarize the findings on alcohol use and abuse.

8. Alcohol
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.
Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS
Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images
Drinking and Driving

9. Intoxication can impair brain function and motor skills; heavy use can increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and liver disease.
Alcohol abuse, which can lead to alcoholism, is a pattern of drinking that results in harm to one's health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work.

10. Barbiturates
2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Even a slight overdose can cause coma or death. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.

11. 3. Benzodiazepine (Benzos)
Strong central nervous system depressants prescribed to treat anxiety, as sedative (sleep aid), muscle relaxers and to treat alcohol withdrawal. Sold as: Ativan, Valium, Klonopin, Xanax Increase GABA levels (inhibitory neurotransmitter)

12. Depressants
4. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine opium and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.

13. When it enters the brain, heroin is converted into morphine
Binds to opioid receptors involved in the perception of pain and in reward.

14. Depressants GHB “Date Rape” drug
Relaxation, elation, loss of inhibition, suggestibility, increased sex drive

15. Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
OBJECTIVE 18| Identify the major stimulants, and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.

16. Psychoactive Drugs effect neurotransmitters

17. Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy.

18. Nausea, diarrhea or other gastrointestinal problems
Though moderate caffeine intake isn't likely to cause harm, too much can noticeably affect your health.
mgs a day
Restlessness
Anxiety
Irritability
Muscle tremors
Sleeplessness
Headaches
Nausea, diarrhea or other gastrointestinal problems
Abnormal heart rhythms

20. Energy Drinks 5 hr energy 138 Amp 75 Cocaine 280 Crunk 194 Jolt 280
Java Monster 160
Monster 240
NOS 260
Redline 250
Rockstar 240
Redline 80

21. Amphetamines
Amphetamines and Methamphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes, with devastating effects.
National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works

22. Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.

25. Ecstasy
Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.
Greg Smith/ AP Photos

29. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
OBJECTIVE 19| Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana.
Ronald K. Siegel

30. Hallucinogens
LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is also known as acid.
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
Hemp Plant

31. Marijuana overactivates the endocannabinoid system, causing the “high” and other effects that users experience.
These effects include altered perceptions and mood, impaired coordination, difficulty with thinking and problem solving, and disrupted learning and memory.

32. Today’s Goals After the practice you should be able to: Classify Drugs
Stimulant, Depressant, Hallucinogen
Recognize types/signs of addiction
Physical, Psychological, Tolerance, Withdrawal
Hypnosis
History, Uses, Debate
Quiz tomorrow
Sleep, Drugs, Hypnosis

33. Drugs
Summary

34. Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.

35. Near-Death Experiences
After a close brush with death, many people report an experience of moving through a dark tunnel with a light at the end. Under the influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at the center of their field of vision.
(From “Hallucinations” by R.K. Siegel. Copyright
© 1977 Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.)
OBJECTIVE 21| Describe the near-death and the controversy over whether it provides evidence for mind-body dualism.

36. Mind-Body Problem
Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue. Can the mind survive the dying body?
Dualism: Dualists believe that mind (non-physical) and body (physical) are two distinct entities that interact.
Monism: Monists believe that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.

37. Mesmerism
Credit for the popularity of hypnosis goes to Franz Anton Mesmer, a physician, who mistakenly thought he discovered “animal magnetism.” Some of his patients experienced a trancelike state and felt better upon waking up.
Franz Anton Mesmer ( )

38. Hypnosis Videos Howie Mandel Hypnotized Howie Explains what happened
Handshake Induction
How does Stage Hypnosis work?
Today Show Hypnotized
Stage Hypnotist – Boy Band
Stage Hypnotist - Orchestra
Stage Hypnotist – Snake and Love

39. A temporary state of heightened relaxation and suggestibility
Hypnosis
A temporary state of heightened relaxation and suggestibility
Some (not all) people are able to become so focused that they experience imaginary happenings as if they were real.
OBJECTIVE 11| Define hypnosis, and note some similarities between the behavior of hypnotized people and that of motivated unhypnotized people.
Hypnos: Greek god of sleep

40. Hypnosis
It is a trance state characterized by extreme suggestibility, relaxation and heightened imagination.
It's not really like sleep, because the subject is alert the whole time.
It is most often compared to daydreaming, or the feeling of "losing yourself" in a book or movie.
You are fully conscious, but you tune out most of the stimuli around you. You focus intently on the subject at hand, to the near exclusion of any other thought.

41. Hypnotic Feats
Strength, stamina, and perceptual and memory abilities similarly affect those who are hypnotized and those who are not hypnotized.

42. Aspects of Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Suggestion: Suggestion carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.
2. Posthypnotic Amnesia: Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis.

43. While hypnosis is often described as a sleep-like trance state, it is better expressed as a state characterized by focused attention, heightened suggestibility and vivid fantasies.

44. Facts and Falsehood
Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
No.
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
No.
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the characteristics of people who are susceptible to hypnosis, and evaluate claims that hypnosis can influence people’s memory, will, health, and perception of pain.
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too.
Yes. Lamaze can do that too.
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?

45. Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?
Social Influence Theory: Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role.
Divided Consciousness Theory: Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness (Hilgard, 1986, 1992).
Courtesy of News and Publications Service, Stanford University
OBJECTIVE 13| Give arguments for and against hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness.
(Hilgard, 1992)

46. Both Theories
Mimi Forsyth