1. Faraday Rotation:
When a linearly polarized radio wave passes through an ionized medium with a magnetic field in the direction of propagation, the plane of polarization rotates. This effect is called Faraday rotation.

2. Measurement of TEC:
Faraday Rotation

3. n-pi ambiguity:

4. With considerable number of values of Ti,1 and Tj,2 we can
get least sqaure estimates of n1 and n2 .

5. Ionospheric Tomography

6. Animation: Ray 1 --1,9 and 14. Ray 2 –3,7,11 and 15.
L(1,1)*d(1) + L(1,9)*d(9) + L(1,14)*d(14) = tec(1)
L(2,3)*d(2) + L(2,7)*d(7) + L(2,11)*d(11) + L(2,15)*d(15) = tec(2)
L(3,4)*d(4) + L(3,7)*d(8) + L(3,12)*d(12) + L(3,15)*d(15) = tec(3)
these set of three equations could be clubbed togetherto form a
Matrix Equation
tec = L * d

7. To model this rotation, we assumed a standard model of the ionosphere available from
The magnetic field values were obtained from