1. (1865-1914) Post Civil War until WWI
The Gilded Age
( )
Post Civil War until WWI

2. The Gilded Age
Gild –
(def.) to coat with gold
The Gilded Age (def.) The period after the Civil War lasting until WWI, which was marked by the growth of industry and wealth in America, leading to materialism and political corruption.
Coined by Mark Twain and Charles Warner (1873)

3. Industrialization Natural Resources Population Growth
US population tripled b/t 1860 & 1910
31.5 million to 92.2 million
Improvements in Transportation
Transcontinental Railroad
US Population Ticker and World

4. 1st Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
Railroads created the need for time zones

5. “let people do as they choose”
Laissez Faire
“let people do as they choose”
Economic system in which there is no government involvement
Only gov’t role is to protect property rights and maintain peace
Supply and Demand decide prices and wages
Basis of capitalism – our current economic structure in the United States

6. Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776) Invisible Hand
Self-interest guides the most effective use of resources in an economy
Supply and Demand Economics

7. Adam Smith (cont.) What people make the most money under this system?
Difficult and Dangerous Jobs = $$$
Specialization of Labor

8. Karl Marx ( )
Communism – a system that attempts to create a classless society in which the gov’t controls the economy. COMMAND economy.
An equality-based society
Community shares wealth
Same wages for all occupations

10. Capitalism-ish or Communism-ish?
Mr. Villarreal and I quit teaching and open a record store
The minimum wage
Pay for work past 40 hour
Federal regulation of housing prices
Public schools

11. Economic Terms Corporation – business owned by multiple entrepreneurs
Pepsico, Altria, Proctor and Gamble,
News Corporation
25 Biggest Corporations
Stock – ownership in a business
Google, Apple
Pools – agreements to maintain prices at a certain level

12. More Terms Fixed Costs - $$$ a company has to pay all the time
Loans, mortgages, taxes
Operating Costs - $$$ a company must pay only when producing
Wages, utilities, shipping, materials, etc.

13. Here Come the Rockefellas
Vertical Integration
A business purchases other businesses that it depends on
Andrew Carnegie (US Steel)

14. Horizontal Integration
Combing firms in the same industry under one corporation
Buying out the competition
More control over prices
John Rockefeller
Standard Oil

15. `

16. Changes Brought By Industrialization
Machine based factories – less manual labor (less skilled labor)
Poor working conditions
Lint, dust, toxic fumes
Increase in worker injuries
Standard of Living goes up
Real wages increase 50% b/t 1860 and 1890
22 cents an hour; 59 hours per week in 1900

17. Response to Conditions = Unions
Union - an organization of workers, formed to deal/negotiate with employers
Workers love ‘em – Employers hate ‘em

18. Attempts to Prevent Unions
Blacklist – union organizers fired and put on a list that was distributed
Lockout – union workers locked out of factory and not paid – scabs hired
Strikebreakers
Courts often ruled in favor of big business

19. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Upset with pay cuts following Panic of 1873’s recession
80,000 workers in 11 states
Fights b/t workers and state militias sent to quell the violence
100 dead, millions of $$$ in damage

20. A better way
Arbitration – allowing a third party to help workers and management reach an agreement
Wanted…
8 hr work day, no child labor, equal pay for women, worker- owned companies

21. American Federation of Labor
AFL – Samuel Gompers
Three goals
Convince companies to recognize unions
Closed shops
8 hour work day
500,000 members in 1900
AFL-CIO

25. Thomas Edison
The Wizard of Menlo Park

27. Push Factors Farm Poverty Unemployment Wars Required Military Service
Political Oppression
Religious Oppression

28. Pull Factors
Land
Employment
Chance at Social Advancement
Freedom

29. Statue of Liberty
“Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free”
Emma Lazarus

30. The Immigrant Journey and Arrival

31. Steerage – the most basic and cheapest accommodations on a steamship

32. Ellis Island Passenger Search
Ellis Island (NYC)
Center for Immigration from 1892 to 1954, over 20 million new Americans passed through this island.
Ellis Island Passenger Search

35. Medical Inspectors
H – Heart Problems
K – Hernias
Sc – Scalp
X – Mental Disability
1 in 5 detained / sent home

36. Ellis Island

37. Angel Island (San Francisco, CA)

38. Angel Island (cont.)
The Ellis Island of the west – center for immigration near San Francisco.
Immigrants from Asia (China, Japan, India)

39. `

40. Tenements
Dark, crowded, multi-family apartments – largely occupied by immigrants upon arrival

41. NYC (800,000, 1860 ; 3.5 million, 1900)
New York City The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island

42. Ethnic Neighborhoods
Joe’s Shanghai

43. Urbanization
Def. The growth of cities. The process of moving from a more rural dominated state, to a city dominated state.
Industrialization led to Urbanization
75% of people live in urban areas today.
Suburbs

44. Results of Urbanization and Population Growth
Nativism - A preference for native born people
Opposition to immigrants
Unemployment and low wages
Crime
Two Groups Targeted the Most
Irish Catholics
Chinese

45. Political Machines and Party Bosses
Political machine – an informal group designed to gain and keep power
Usually corrupt
Party boss – an individual who runs a political machine (the leader)

46. Cultural Developments
Realism
A movement in art and literature that attempted to depict life as it actually exists.
Usually focusing on the middle and lower classes
Different than…
Romanticism
Movement in art and literature that focused on imagination and emotion to illustrate life and the world.

47. Romanticism or Realism
Robert Henri Snow in New York, 1902 Chester Dale Collection

48. Romanticism or Realism
Romanticism Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, American,

49. Romanticism or Realism
George Bellows Both Members of This Club, 1909
Chester Dale Collection

50. Romanticism or Realism

51. Romanticism or Realism
J.W. Turner

52. Romanticism or Realism
Thomas Eakins
The Gross Clinic,
(1875)
oil on canvas

53. Frank Lloyd Wright

56. Jane Addams
Hull House (Chicago)
Nobel Peace Prize (1931)

57. Gospel of Wealth
Philanthropy

58. Social Darwinism

59. Ragtime and Vaudeville