1. Warm Up #4 on handout
Write a short description of the following words:
Migration
Immigration
Illegal Immigration

2. What is the difference between seasonal and permanent migration?

3. Political Effects of the Gilded Age

4. Political Machines and Political Corruption
Political Machines – controlled city politics and represented political corruption of the Gilded Age. (Example: Tammany Hall in New York City) Leaders of the political machines known as political bosses gained support of the populous by making improvement to urban infrastructures (roads, buildings, utilities), providing jobs to immigrants and the poor, and favors to local businessmen. The expectation was to then have support from these groups at the ballot box.

5. Boss Tweed was the leader of Tammany Hall in New York City
Boss Tweed was the leader of Tammany Hall in New York City. He and other political “bosses” used political influence for personal gain, this is called “grafting” Patronage- Another form of political corruption in which the winning candidate rewarded ones supporters or friends with jobs or appointments even if they were not qualified for the position.

6. Discussion Question #4
With your shoulder partner(s) discuss and answer the following question:
4. “You have the Liberty of Voting for any one you please; but we have the Liberty of Counting in any one we please.”
What do think that quote mean? Who do think would say something like that in the Gilded Age?
Example: “I think the quote means ______________ and ___________ would be most likely the person who said it.”
Write your answers in complete sentences!

7. Civil Service Reform
President Garfield was assassinated in 1881, months after being elected by a disappointed supporter who thought he should have given him a political appointment. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act – or just the Pendleton Act was the federal law established in 1883 that required government jobs to be awarded on the basis of merit. The law provided selection of government employees based on competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire government employees for political reasons. This law helped decrease political corruption.

8. The Relationship between Federal Government and Private Business Begin to Change
Trust- A combination of a number of businesses or corporations into a single operation. Would generate a large amount of wealth very quickly and had the potential to become a _________________________. (Example: Standard Oil by Rockefeller) Anti –Trust Act: is law that promotes or maintains market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. (prevent monopolies) (Example: Sherman Anti-Trust Act)

9. The Rise of Populism
Farmers in the South and Midwest felt threatened by the rich industrialist and capitalist of the Northeast. They began to organize which eventually created the Populist political party which made up of farmers and some workers. The populist wanted and supported the following:
Government ownership of railroad, telephone and telegraph systems
Restrictions on immigration
Graduated income tax
8 hour work day
Direct election of senators
Unlimited coinage of silver
Term limits for the president
Secret ballots

10. Social Effects

11. Effects on Women and Children
Many young women worked in factories that made textiles
They tended to be young and single
Often wages were lower than men’s wages
Many children worked in factories, performing dangerous jobs.
They were sometimes paid lower wages than adult workers.

13. Effects on Immigrants and Minorities
Increased Immigration – increased opportunities in the U.S. means that jobs became available. Immigrants came for these opportunities and to chase the “American Dream.”

14. The Immigrant Experience
Many immigrants entered the US via ports of entry such as Ellis Island in New York, Angel Island in San Francisco and Galveston Island in Texas.
Most immigrants came from southern & eastern Europe.
When they arrived, they experienced physical examinations, interrogation, language and intelligence testing, etc.   
Immigrants faced language and cultural barriers, and sometimes were separated from family members.
Immigrants faced the threat of poverty and often struggled to find jobs and living space due to crowded cities
Immigrants often crowded into city tenements or moved westward in search of opportunities.  
Skilled immigrants used their trade skills to establish businesses of their own.
Sweatshops were home factory-like operations where skilled and unskilled laborers worked unsavory conditions.

15. Reaction and Response to Immigration
Nativists were individuals opposed to the new waves of immigrants.
Nativism was based on competition for jobs & living space. They felt that immigrants threatened their jobs. Tension rose between Nativists and minorities/immigrants.
Some minority groups faced exclusion from employment or housing.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – the first major law restricting immigration to the US. It was enacted in response to economic fears, especially on the West Coast, where Nativists attributed unemployment and declining wages to Chinese workers, whom they viewed inferior.
Immigrants were encouraged to assimilate into American culture in which public schools played a large role.

16. Urbanization (growth of cities)
During the Gilded Age, the U.S. was moving west but also moved from being a rural society to an urban one. Why?
Economic opportunities in cities increased because of industrialization, thus cities became densely populated, mainly in the Northeast (aka urbanization)

17. Discussion Question #5
With your shoulder partner(s) discuss and answer the following question:
5. What would happen to a city in which it experience large amount of population growth in a very short amount of time? Which resources are strained? What are the results of these strained resources?
Example: “A city that experiences a large amount of population growth in a short amount of time would ___________________.”
Write your answers in complete sentences!

18. Effects of Urbanization
Cities became polluted and crowded. The living conditions were often unhealthy (sanitation, water, etc.).
Ethnic neighborhoods were established in cities where immigrants settled (Little Italy or China Town)
Urbanization occurred as cities grew around immigration and industrial centers.
Population density increased as workers crowded into cities in search of jobs.
Waterways became contaminated and air quality diminished due to industry. (Gross)
Urban sprawl of the major U.S. cities
Disruption to animal migration patterns and habitats.

19. Effects on Ideology
The Social Gospel
Beginnings of Social Darwinism
Early reform movement that preached to be a good Christian, one must help the poor.
Helped to start the establishment of settlement houses (community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area)
Social Darwinism – ideology of survival of the fittest in business, tried to combine biology and sociology to explain why the wealthy were wealthy and the poor were poor.

20. Philanthropy of industrialists
Several wealthy industrialists elected to give back to the community through philanthropic activities (e.g., founding of Carnegie Hall).
“The Gospel of Wealth” (1889) set forth Carnegie’s idea that rich men are “trustees” of their wealth and should administer and donate it for the good of the public.

21. Andrew Carnegie – a powerful industrialist in the Gilded Age
Andrew Carnegie – a powerful industrialist in the Gilded Age. His companies manufactured steel and built railroads. He authored “The Gospel of Wealth” which promoted philanthropic actions such as the building of libraries and schools.

22. Discussion Question #6
With your shoulder partner(s) discuss and answer the following question:
6. After seeing the philanthropy of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, were they Captains of Industry or Robber Barons? What kind of people in the Gilded Age would think them Robber Barons? Or Captains of Industry?
Example: “Carnegie and Rockefeller were more ___________ than __________ because ____________.”
Write your answers in complete sentences!

23. Boss Tweed and Immigrant worker
Twitter Heads!
Boss Tweed and Immigrant worker

24. Primary vs. Secondary Sources
Primary Sources – first-hand account of an event by someone who was there.
Examples:
Secondary Sources – a document or recording that relates to information originally presented elsewhere.
Examples

25. Crash Course Video – The Gilded Age www. youtube. com/watch
Crash Course Video – The Gilded Age