1. The Crusades

2. BELLWORK: Block 1 How did Pope Innocent III used interdict? (281)
As you know, the Catholic Church was extremely powerful throughout Medieval Europe. For bellwork today, you will read about how the Church abused their power.
How did Pope Innocent III used interdict? (281)
What is heresy? Why would this be a problem to the church? (283)
Describe the Inquisition. How did it work? What was the goal? (283)
Why did people depend on the Clergy? (284)
THINKER: Who were the Seljuk Turks? (214)

3. The Inquisition Heresy: denial of church teachings
To find and punish people who practiced heresy, the church set up the Inquisition.
The Inquisition accused people and forced them to seek forgiveness; showed power of the church.

5. The Crusades: Beginning
During the 1000’s, Muslim forces expanded their empire.
One Islamic group, the Seljuk Turks, took control of Jerusalem and surrounding areas.
Jerusalem was a sacred city for Jews, Muslims and Christians……. All wanted control!

6. The Crusades: Background
The Crusades: Series of nine military battles lasting from
The purpose of the Crusades was for the Christians to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Muslims (Turks/Seljuks) vs. Christians (Rome/Byzantine)

7. Discussion
At a 1095 Council meeting in southern France, Pope Urban II asked Christians to take up their weapons and join in a holy war. The pope promised: “All who die shall have immediate remission (forgiveness) of sins.”
How do you think people interpreted this? How does this show the abuse of power in the Catholic Church?
How does this compare to Muslims misrepresenting the idea of jihad?
Why might a war fought for religion seem contradictory to their beliefs?

8. The Crusades: Reading and worksheet
To learn more about these important religious battles, you are going to complete a worksheet.
Pages
We will do some portions together, so follow along!

10. The Crusades: Background
Video Clip! From Textbook Resources
Take notes on:
Who were the Crusaders?
Why did they fight?
How did they fight?

11. BELLWORK: Block 2 What was the goal of the Crusades?
Despite their differences, the Holy Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire fight together against the Muslims – why? What were the pope’s ulterior motives?
THINKER: In your opinion, what was the biggest cause of the Crusades? Do you think it was more religious, political or economic? Why?

12. The First Crusade: Christians unite for Jerusalem!
Pope’s “call to arms” unites Christian forces
Ended with the Christian capture of Jerusalem

13. The Second Crusade: Muslims Fight Back!
In response to the Muslim take over of Edessa  King Louis VII of France and German Emperor Conrad III led their armies, but fought constantly
Muslims defeated the Christians and regained control of the Holy Land

14. The Third Crusade: Crusade of Kings
In response to the loss of Jerusalem to Muslims, European Kings (France, England, Holy Roman) united to lead another Crusade
Saladin, a Muslim leader, united all Muslims and developed a well-trained and advanced army
The Christians were unsuccessful and could not capture Jerusalem.

15. The Fourth Crusade: Trouble & Temptation in Christendom
Pope Innocent III sent Roman armies (from Venice) East in 1202
Big temptation to conquer Constantinople – commercial center, competition in Mediterranean & could restore Western church
In 1204, the Crusaders attacked Constantinople
Instability in Christendom = furthered divisions between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Weakened both Christian Empires

16. Children’s Crusade
A 12-year old boy (Nicholas) claimed he was visited by Jesus and told to lead a Crusade to peacefully convert Muslims to Christianity
Gained a considerable following: 30,000 kids!
He led followers South to the Mediterranean Sea under the assumption that it would part and allow him to cross to Jerusalem
It didn’t part, but two merchants agreed to take the kids by boat.
Instead, they sailed the boats to Northern Africa where the children were sold into slavery.

17. Fifth & Sixth Crusades Organized by the King of France – Louis IX
5th: Lost to Muslim forces in Egypt
6th: Died as a result of the plague; Muslim forces take over

18. Video: The Crusades – Crescent and the Cross

19. Effects of the Crusades: Contact with outside world
Ideas spread back and forth
Development of Italian port cities
Growth of trade centers

20. Effects of Crusades: Feudalism
Civilians did not rely on Feudal manors for protection anymore
As kings charged taxes and raised armies, nobles joined the Crusades, sold their lands and freed serfs.
Europe’s economy switched from land- based to money-based
Increased the power and wealth of monarchs!
Magna Carta
All caused the end of Feudalism!

22. Effects of the Crusades: Technology
Gunpowder Weaponry
Plate Amour and Helmets
Communication (courier pigeons)
Shipbuilding
Travel

23. Effects of the Crusades: Education
People became less trusting of church power & motives
The spread of ideas increased the demand for education
Universities established throughout Europe
Literature written in the vernacular (everyday language) instead of Latin
New ideas spurred the Renaissance!
The University of Bologna (Italy) was created during the Middle Ages – it is the oldest university in the world!

25. Other Effects of Crusades
Persecution & segregation of Jews
Development of three strong nation states -- Spain, England and France
Art & architecture – gothic style & religious based
Byzantine Empire falls – Muslims take Constantinople

26. Art and Architecture

27. Fall of Constantinople & End of Byzantine Empire - 1453

29. Video: The Crusades

30. Partner Discussion
During the Middle Ages, there was constant disagreements between who would rule – the monarchs or the popes? Why was this such a big problem? Do you think they could have compromised? Explain!

31. From one war to the next……
Political power gradually shifted from feudal nobles to kings
Influence of the clergy and nobles diminished
Despite the strengthening of monarchy and central government, feudal disputes continued to spark conflict throughout Europe.
To learn more about one of the most important disputes, you will read about the Hundred Years War and complete a History Frame.
A history frame is a strategy of organizing a historical event in a visual way….. Like a storyboard!
Use pgs & follow my guidelines on the board!

32. The Hundred Years’ War
: Kings of France and England fought over control of French territory and the French throne.
England won the early battles because of their military superiority.

35. Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc: using “divine guidance,” she led a French army and ended the English siege of Orleans.
Joan later became a prisoner of the English and was burned to her death.
Inspired by Joan’s courage, the French rallied and drove the English out.
England no longer held any French territory.

41. Effects of Hundred Years’ War
National unity in both France and England
Decline of Feudalism
New technology of fighting
Monarchs replaced feudal soldiers with actual national armies
Increased taxes to rebuild their countries
Europe went through a period of revival

42. Nursery Rhymes Nursery Rhymes were the earliest political cartoons.
At the time, it was extremely dangerous to criticize the government, so people disguised their feelings with nursery rhymes.
We are going to read three of the most popular nursery rhymes and learn what they really mean.