1. New Seats/introductions Tests/Grades Calendar Begin Unit 4
November 1
New Seats/introductions
Tests/Grades
Calendar
Begin Unit 4

2. Tests/grades MC – Scores – Test Scores FRQ –
Scantron fixed with okay symbols for those that were marked wrong and are correct.
Scores – Test Scores
FRQ –
Common issues
Read your entire FRQ and the rubric to relearn/reinforce

3. New Calendar
C:\Users\annielsen\Desktop\Calendars\Term 2-1.docx

4. Neurons Nervous System Endocrine System
Unit 4 Part B
Neurons
Nervous System
Endocrine System

5. Anatomy of a neuron
The next unit is all about the BIOLOGY of behavior. Therefore, you will be required to know the ANATOMY and FUNCTIONS of major body systems.
The very smallest unit of the nervous system is the: NEURON
How many neurons are located throughout the body? approximately 100 Billion (90% in brain)

6. Structures of the Neuron
CellCell Nucleus
Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow ions to cross the cell membrane

7. Fun Neuro Facts
A large band of axons wound together with a common purpose is called a nerve.
The disease multiple sclerosis (M.S.) involves a breakdown of the myelin sheath.

8. Structures of the synapse
Other Names for the Structure Terminal Branches: axon terminals, synaptic knob, synaptic button Synaptic Space: gap, cleft, synapse Receptor Site: new dendrite, post synaptic neuron Neurotransmitters: chemical messangers
Receptor Site

9. Neural communication Neural Impulses
Excitatory
GO!
Fire
Excite the next neuron
Inhibitory
STOP
Don’t fire
Inhibit the next neuron

10. Neural communication Neural Stimulation
There are three ways to stimulate a neuron and get it to fire (have an action potential)
Chemical (neurotransmitters/drugs)
Temperature changes
Pressure (touch)

11. Neural Communication Ions
Sodium
Na+
More outside of cell when resting
Potassium K+
Located inside the cell
Move back out of the cell after cell fires to repolarize and make internal state negative.

12. Neural Communication - Action Potential
Resting/Graded Potential –
More POSITIVE ions OUTSIDE the cell membrane that creates a NEGATIVE charge on the INSIDE
Polarization - A state of REST
Action Potential - The cell is STIMULATED above the THRESHOLD causing POSITIVE (NA+) ions to come rushing inside.
Also called: Neural Firing, Depolarization, Impulse
Threshold of Excitation - The level that the STIMULATION must exceed to cause a neuron to DEPOLARIZE. This is what triggers an ACTION POTENTIAL.

13. Neural communication refractory period
Absolute: When the K+ ions begin to be pumped back out through the cell membrane, the neuron CANNOT FIRE no matter how highly stimulated. Relative: When a neuron CAN fire if the stimulation EXCEEDS the original intensity.

14. November 7
Rewind
Ccn/reading quiz Modules 9-10
Continue Unit 4 Part B

15. Neural Communication - Refractory Period

16. Neural Communication All-or-none law
10. Describe the All-or-None-Law:
Increasing your stimulation ABOVE the THRESHOLD DOES NOT increase the INTENSITY of the impulse.
If a gun fires, does it fire stronger if you pull the trigger harder?

17. Let’s Make a Network of Neurons
Read the instructions CAREFULLY! (don’t skip steps)
Work together – you are making a network, your neurons should be able to communicate with each other.
Clean everything up and put it away where it goes (help the next class).
Turn in worksheet when complete.

18. November 9
Rewind – Calendar Update C:\Users\annielsen\Desktop\Calendars\Term 2-1.docx
Finalize Unit 4 Part A
continue Unit 4 Part B

19. Finalize Unit 4 Part A
..\..\Modules 14-15\Notes\Unit 4 Part A.ppt

20. Field Trip Path of action potential
Field Trip Path of action potential *Trace this while half of the class is gone
Dendrites ----- Soma ----Axon Axon Terminals  Neurotransmitters Released  Synaptic Gap  Receptor Site (New Dendrite)  Excites or Inhibits. ://

21. Neural communication Review
12. Explain how each of the following relate to the “neurinal” field trip our class took today:
a. Resting Potential
b. Stimulation/Threshold
 c. Action Potential
 d. Repolarization
 e. Absolute Refractory Period

22. November 15 Rewind Finalize Unit 4 Part B/Turn in notes
Begin Unit 4 Part C/Brain Mobile assignment

23. 14. Neurotransmitters Serotonin AcH Dopamine Appetite
Aggression (high)
Mood (mania high/depression low)
SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
AcH
Memory/Alzheimer’s
Muscle contraction
Botulism/BOTOX
Dopamine
Reward centers
Finite muscle control (Parkinson’s)
Attention/focus/thought organization (schizophrenia)
Tardive Dyskenesia
id=1596

24. Neurotransmitters Endorphins Norepinephrine/Epinephrine Glutamate GABA
Pain relief/natural pain killers
KXgYFY
Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
Adrenal glands
Alertness/arousal (ADHD)
Fight or flight
Glutamate
Excitatory(low level/no stimulation)
Learning and memory
Alcohol inhibits
GABA
Inhibitory (low level/no inhibition)
Huntington’s Disease/slow motor movement

25. 15. Types of Neurons
a. Receptor Other Names - sensory, afferent Receive information from senses…. Eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin…. b. Effector Other Names - motor, efferent Send signals from the brain/spinal cord to the muscles. c. Interneurons Transmit signals between other neurons… Neural Networks d. Glial Cells Nourish, direct growth, eliminate waste. BILLIONS MORE!

26. 16. The Path
Sensory Neuron -- Interneuron -- Motor Neuron

27. 17. Neurotransmitters and drugs
Drugs affect the neuron at the SYNAPSE
Neurotransmitters are affected FOUR ways by drugs/chemicals.
1. Drugs work as AGONISTS – mimic, copy, increase the effect
Examples: opiates are agonists for endorphins (heroin/morphine/oxy); alcohol is an agonist for GABA
2. Drugs work as ANTAGONISTS – blocks, stops, decreases the effect
Examples: LSD/Psychadelics are antagonists for serotonin and glutamate. Botox is an antagonist for AcH; alcohol is an antagonist for glutamate

28. 17. Neurotransmitters and drugs
3. Drugs can cause an overproduction of neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron: Example: Amphetamines (meth) can stimulate an overproduction of norepinephrine; SSRI’s block the reuptake of serotonin, leaving more at synapse 4. Drugs can cause an underproduction of neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron: Example: Curare slows the production of AcH, Haldol (antipsychotic medications) slows production of dopamine

29. 18. The branches of the NS Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic
Central Nervous System CNS (brain and spinal cord) *Body Model (C and P)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

30. Some Differences: 19. N/T and a hormone: 20. Nervous and endocrine:
N/T released by and function within and around neurons of the nervous system (fast)
Hormones released by glands of the endocrine system and travel through blood (slow)
20. Nervous and endocrine:
Nervous: neurons/nerves/neurotransmitters
Endocrine: glands/hormones/blood stream

31. 21. Glands of the Endocrine System and Hormones released.
Pineal – melotonin
Pituitary – master/growth
Thyroid – thyroxin
Adrenal – adrenaline
Pancreas – glucagon/insulin
Ovaries – duh!
Testes – duh!