1. All cells have: 1) DNA/RNA 2) Cytoplasm 3) membrane
smallest units of life
CELLS
All cells have: 1) DNA/RNA 2) Cytoplasm 3) membrane

2. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells.
Cells are basic units of life.
Cells come from existing cells.

3. Unicellular
1 cell
Multicellular
2 or more cells

4. Cell Types

5. Prokaryotic (Pre) ( Nucleus)
unicellular
Have DNA & Ribosomes
Don’t have organelles or a nucleus
Bacteria only

6. Eukaryotic (True) ( Nucleus)
uni or multicellular
DNA inside a nucleus
many organelles = special functions
all life except bacteria

7. Organelles
Little “organs” with
specific jobs
                     

8. Cells have organelles to help with 3 main jobs:
Make Proteins
Ribosomes, ER, Golgi
Make Energy
Chloroplasts, Mitochondria
3. Reproduce

9. ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Roundish Squarish Chloroplast Cell Wall
Central Vacuole 9

10. CELL MEMBRANE Function: - controls what goes in and out Facts:
Selectively Permeable: only lets certain things enter or leave
made of Phospholipid Bilayer
lipids & proteins
double layer
phospholipid
cell membrane

11. CYTOPLASM Facts: Function: Prevents collapse
fluid water, sugar, protein
“frame” called a cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm

12. NUCLEUS Function: Stores genetic information (DNA)
Facts: has a Nucleolus that makes RNA & ribosomes

13. Chromatin Function: Unorganized DNA FACTS:
becomes chromosomes during mitosis

14. Ribosomes
Function: makes proteins
Facts:
found on rough ER

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Function: produces and transports supplies
Facts:
Smooth ER  lipids & carbs
Rough ER  proteins

16. Golgi apparatus Function: packaging of proteins
Facts: receives proteins from E.R.  packages them for export

17. Mitochondria Function: makes energy for cells
Facts: changes Glucose into ATP

18. Lysosomes Function: digests food and old cell parts Facts:
has digestive enzymes

19. Chloroplast Function: makes energy for plant cells Facts:
Site of photosynthesis
Uses sunlight to change water & Carbon Dioxide into Glucose

20. CELL WALL Function: structure & support Facts:
helps plant to grow upright
Surrounds membrane
bacteria, fungi, plant cells

21. VACUOLES Function: stores water & nutrients Facts:
plant cells = large (CENTRAL)
animal cells = small

22. VESICLE Facts: Function: carries materials around the cell
-don’t live very long
-get recycled 22

23. Cell Energy nutrients must be broken down to GLUCOSE
breakdown done by enzymes

24. Release energy from glucose through cellular respiration [ATP]
Plants
Animals
Make glucose through Photosynthesis
Get glucose from food
Release energy from glucose through cellular respiration [ATP]

25. Photosynthesis
WHERE: Chloroplast
WHO: plant cells
WHY: turns H2O and CO2 into C6H12O6 and O2
WHEN: in the presence of light

26. Light Dependent Reactions
Light is absorbed by chlorophyll
Light splits H2O into H2 and O
Energy from this split = ATP
O is “leftover”

27. Light Independent Reactions
“Calvin Cycle”
“Dark Reactions”
Steps:
Energy from ATP used to make sugar (C6H12O6) from H2O & CO2

28. Equation
Light + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
GLUCOSE

29. Where did they Go?
6 CO2
Reactants
6H2O
Products
C6H12O O2

30. The Big Picture

31. Photosynthesis Concept Map
Cut out the pictures
Arrange them in a way that tells a story about what is happening during the process of photosynthesis
Add labels, arrows, and other symbols to connect the concepts
Write a 25 word summary of the process of photosynthesis

32. Cell Respiration WHERE: MITOCHONDRIA WHO: all eukaryotic Cells
WHY: to turn sugar (glucose) into fuel (ATP)

33. carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers”
Equation
C6H12O6+ 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers”

34. Two Types Aerobic Anaerobic/Fermentation Most Eukaryotic cells
needs oxygen
makes 36 ATP
3 steps
Anaerobic/Fermentation
Yeast & Bacteria
for small things
Since oxygen isn’t available only makes
2 ATP
This is how we make bread, yogurt, beer wine!

35. Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis: cytoplasm (no O2 needed) splits glucose
Done by all living cells; 2 ATP
2. Krebs Cycle: mitochondria, makes 2 ATP
3. Electron Transport Chain : mitochondria, makes up to 34 ATP  requires OXYGEN

36. ATP
denosine
ri-
hosphate

37. The Big Picture All nutrients must be broken down to Glucose
Glucose must be converted to ATP
ANALOGY:
Money  Tokens

38. ATP energy molecule in ALL organisms energy in Chemical Bonds
Breaking a bond releases energy
ATPADP
Making a bond stores energy
ADP ATP
ATP is used to do cell WORK (build, reproduce, import/export)

39. Cellular Respiration Concept Map
Cut out the pictures
Arrange them in a way that tells a story about what is happening during the cell respiration process
Add labels, arrows, and other symbols to connect the concepts
Write a 25 word summary of the process of cellular respiration
Use arrows or color coding to show how the cycles are relayed… (hint: look at the equation)

40. Cell Transport made possible by:
Phospholipids
Concentration Gradient
Selective Permeability
Membrane Bound Proteins

41. Selective Permeability:
allows some substances to cross
the membrane more easily
than others
Concentration Gradient:
difference in the amount of solutes on each side of a cell membrane

42. Phospholipid Heads out, tails in… bi-layer (2)
HEAD: LOVES WATER hydrophilic
TAIL: HATES WATER hydrophobic
Heads out, tails in…
bi-layer (2)

43. Types of Transport Active Passive
Substances move low to high concentration
ATP Required
Needs proteins & pumps
Endocytosis (in)
Exocytosis (out)
Passive
Substances move high to low concentration
No ATP Required
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion

44. Passive Transport  no ATP
Diffusion: movement from high to low; moving down the gradient
(like sliding down a slide)
Facilitated Diffusion: transporting molecules by
channel proteins during diffusion
(like someone else carrying you down the slide) +
Help =

45. Active Transport  ATP
Transport against a concentration gradient (from low to high) using protein
(like walking up the slide)

46. Cell Size  small is better
small means more surface area and less volume  maximizes diffusion
SA:V Ratio Important
High Ratio [10:1]  lots of SA means more nutrients in and waste out
Low Ratio [1:1]  can’t get enough food or remove enough waste

47. Solvent: a liquid that dissolves the solute, usually water or alcohol Solute: Anything dissolved in a solvent Together they make a Solution
Salt Water + =

48. Water Balance HYPERTONIC SOLUTION ISOTONIC SOLUTION HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
More solutes (salts) outside cell
Same solutes as cell
More Solutes inside cell
Solutes suck water OUT
in and out
Solutes suck water IN
Cell shrinks
Cell stays same size
Cell swells and bursts

49. This is why you get thirsty after eating something salty.
A simple rule:
Salt Sucks!
When salt is inside or outside the cell, it SUCKS water in its direction.
This is why you get thirsty after eating something salty.