1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Cells
Smallest living unit
Most are microscopic

3. Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) Observed sliver of cork
Saw “row of empty boxes”
Coined the term cell

4. Cell theory
(1839) THEODOR SCHWANN (animals) & MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN (plants)
“ all living things are made of cells”
(50 yrs. later) RUDOLF VIRCHOW
“all cells come from cells”

5. Principles of Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
All cells arise from preexisting cells

6. Characteristics of All Cells
A surrounding plasma membrane
Cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Nucleus – Control center with DNA
Organelles – structures for cell function

7. Cell Types
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

8. Prokaryotic Cells First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

9. Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes

10. Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Possess many organelles
Protozoan

11. Representative Animal Cell

12. Representative Plant Cell

13. Organelles
Small structures that make up the cell.

14. Cell/Plasma Membrane
Regulates the entrance and exit of materials to and from the cell.
Separates the cell from its environment.
Provides protection and support for the cell.
Double layer of phospholipids & proteins.

15. Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid containing organelles.
It is constantly moving or “streaming” through the cell.

16. Nucleus
Control center of cell. Controls all the activities in the cell.
Contains
Chromosomes
Nucleolus

17. Nucleolus Most cells have 2 or more Directs synthesis of RNA
Produces ribosomes

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell’s transport system that moves materials or proteins around the cell.
Network of folded tube-like membrane
Two types
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

19. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes attached to the surface of ER.
The RER manufacture proteins.

20. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No attached ribosomes
The SER manufactures lipids and fats.

21. Golgi Apparatus
Sorts and modifies proteins from endoplasmic reticulum.
Packaging & shipping station of cell.
Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall.

22. Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

23. Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

25. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell.
Releases energy from sugar and stores the energy in ATP.
Have their own DNA.
Rod-shaped structures that is bounded by a double membrane

26. Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes Also called as “suicide sacks”
Functions
Aid in cell renewal
Break down old cell parts
Digests invaders

27. Vacuoles Membrane bound storage sacs
More common in plants than animals
Storage for water, food, and wastes.

28. Chloroplasts The site of photosynthesis. Only found in plant cells.
Contains the green pigment called chlorophyll.

29. Cell Walls Protect and support plant cells. Found in plants and fungi.
Surrounds plasma membrane.
Strong and stiff bundles of cellulose.

30. Cell Wall Differences
Plants – mostly cellulose
Fungi – contain chitin

31. Cilia & Flagella Provide motility Cilia Flagella
Short
Used to move substances outside human cells
Flagella
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells
Basal bodies like centrioles

32. What do you think is the most important organelle
What do you think is the most important organelle? Why, please explain your answer using science!

33. All Cells
All cells have three basic components: Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm.
Animal Cells have similarities to plant cells, but are different in a few ways.

34. Plant vs. Animal

35. Plant Vacuoles
Plant Cells have one or two LARGE vacuoles. These vacuoles many hold water for the cells.

36. Animal Vacuoles
Animal cell vacuoles are numerous, small, and contain water, food, and waste.

37. rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Compare and Contrast
Both
Plant
Animal
mitochondrion
cell wall
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
large vacuole
Vesicle (small vacuole)
nucleus
Plant and animal cells contain nearly all the same structural components.
chloroplasts
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
nucleolus

38. Conclusion All cells have a cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
Plant Cells have: Chloroplasts, Cell Walls
Both Plant and Animal cells have vacuoles, however, Plant cells have VERY LARGE vacuoles, while animal cells have many small vacuoles.