1. GROUP NO 7 PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA

2. Group members: Salum Hemed Khamis Suleiman Daud Ali Siraji Daudi Yusuph Shufaa Salum Hamoud Shadida Haji Subira Shuwena Ally Abdalla Sauda Said Omar Subira Matao Juma Shekha Abdi Suleiman Sam Aboud Mohd Suleiman Hamdan Kheir

3. INTRODUCTION: Dinoflagellates are unicellular protoctists which exhibit a great diversity form.  Many are photosynthetic so they manufacturing their own food using the energy from sunlight, and providing a food source for other organisms.  Some species are capable of producing their own light through bioluminescence, which also makes fireflies glow. There are some dinoflagellates which are parasites on fish or on other proctotists.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA; They are unicellular eukaryotes organism. They have two whip like tails called flagella used for locomotion. They can found in fresh water and marine. Some are photosynthetics and some are heterotrophs. Some dinoflagelleta have luminiscent properties that make the sea appear sparkle at night. Some species of dinoflagelleta secreate toxins in the sea water. They have two means of reproduction i.e asexual and sexual reproduction. They have complex skeleton or theca which composed deposit of skeleton cellullose.

7. GENERAL BIOLOGY OF THE PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA; Mode of nutrition. many dinofllagellates are autotrophic in nature and some are heterotrophy How do Dinoflagellates reproduce? Dinoflagellates are asexual organisms. They do not require an opposite strain for creating new progeny. Identical daughter cells are simply produced by mitosis. Sexual reproduction among Dinoflagellates is very uncommon. In this form of reproduction, two different gametes fuse together to form a zygote.

8. THE DETAILS INFORMATION OF NOCTILUCA/SEA SPARKLE

9. Noctiluca is a free living non parasite and marine species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminesences when disturbed. They unicellular organism They are heterotrophs that engulf food include plankton,fish eggs,and bacteria. Have ventral groove that holds a flagellum The flaglagellum does not move the organism so their are non motile. They produce a string of mucus extend from the trip of the tentacle that adheres plankton. Its population can exhibit high concentration due to high concentration of plankton on which they feed.

10. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom: Protoctista Phylum: Dinoflagellata Class: Dinophyceae Order: Noctilucales Genus: Noctiluca Species: N.scintillants.

11. REPRODUCTION OF NOCTILUCA Reproduce by asexual by binary fission and also sexual via formation of isogametes. This species has a diplontic life cycle: the vegetative cell is diploid while the gamete are haploid. The gametes are gymnodinioid with dinokaryotic nuclei.

12. Structure of Noctiluca

13. THE LIFE CYCLE OF DINOFLAGELETES

14. Dinoflagellates usually haploid and reproduce by binary fission (asexual reproduction) at their early stage of their life cycle They have particular form of nucleus called dinokaryon in which the chromosomes are attached to the nuclear membrane these lack histone and remain condensed They have particular form of nucleus called dinokaryon in which the chromosomes are attached to the nuclear membrane these lack histone and remain condensed Sexual reproduction occurs when the fussion of two individual to form zygote in which later under goes meiosis to produce new haploid cells the stage is known as Plano zygote Sexual reproduction occurs when the fussion of two individual to form zygote in which later under goes meiosis to produce new haploid cells the stage is known as Plano zygote When the condition become unfavorable usually when nutrients become depleted some dinoflagellates alters their life cycle this stage is known as hypnozygote When the condition become unfavorable usually when nutrients become depleted some dinoflagellates alters their life cycle this stage is known as hypnozygote

15. Usually when dinoflagellates alters their life cycle they consume more fats and oil also their body getting fatter and their shell is getting harder after the condition become favorable they take off their shell and are in a temporary stage the stage is called planomeiocyte

16. The life cycle of noctiluca

17. ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA; They are primary producer for other marine organism. They are bioluminescence i.e the organism that produces light.it occur in marine invertebrate and vertebrate as well fungi. They produce toxin, dinoflagellata play role of producing toxin substance this can be spread to the organism such as shellfish which filter water for consumption and common eating by poisoned by dinoflagellata which affect the neurological system and cause illness. They cause water pollution

19. REFRENCES  Ruppert, E.E.(1976). Invertebrate Zoology. 7 th ed. Belmont: USA.  Raynolds, C.S. (1984). The Ecology of fresh water Phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press.