1. Effects of Energy Transfer
Chapter 2 Lesson 4
p. 136
Effects of Energy Transfer

2. How do people use energy?
Any work you do OR observe requires energy
List a couple of your own examples of how you use energy.

3. What Sources of Energy?
Energy Source: an available source of stored energy that humans can use.
Sun is the greatest source of energy
It can be stored via:
Plants
Batteries
Chemical Energy
Sometimes stored in minerals
Geothermal Energy
Stored inside Earth

4. Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable Resource-a natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed
Humans use these resources to produce energy without using them up
Sunlight - Wind
What About Trees & Crops
These are renewable because they can grow back in a relatively short time.

5. Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Nonrenewable Resource- A resource that forms at a much slower rate than the rate at which it is consumed
Usually found deep inside Earth
Coal – Petroleum – Oil – Uranium – Natural Gas
There is a fixed amount of these resources
These sources may run out if they continue to be used at a high rate.

6. Using the Sun
When you burn fossil fuels you are indirectly using energy from the sun
Fossil fuels form from organisms that lived long ago.
Those orgs were either plants or orgs that eat plants or other orgs.
When those organisms die, the energy left in their body is changed to energy in fossil fuels
When we burn them, we are releasing stored energy

7. Using Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuel-a nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago
Most energy used in the U.S. comes from fossil fuels
Getting, using, & processing fossil fuels can sometimes cause problems
When fossil fuels are burned gases are produced
We call these green-house gases (CO2)

8. Coal COAL: Solid fossil fuel Sedimentary rock
When we burn them, we are releasing stored energy
COAL: Solid fossil fuel
Sedimentary rock
Heat & Pressure form it
Formed from remains of ancient swamp organisms
Until 1960 it was the world’s largest energy source
Used to heat homes & power trains
Today most coal is burned in factories in order to produce electricity

9. Natural Gas NATURAL GAS: fossil fuel that is a mixture of gases
Methane is the main component
Trapped in rock
Burns cleaner than other fuels
Today it’s used to heat homes & produce electricity

10. Petroleum
PETROLEUM: Also called crude oil or oil or rock oil, it’s a liquid fossil fuel
Used for over 5,000 years
Formed from ancient aquatic organisms
Today, it’s used for products such as:
Gasoline - Jet Fuel - Heating Oil - Kerosene
Can Produce smog
Yellow haze

11. Green House Gases They trap heat in the air
The result of this is the Green House Effect
What Does This Mean???
The extra heat could cause Earth to get warmer

12. Another Problem…
Other gases released from the burning of fossil fuels can combine with the water vapor in the air
Acid Precipitation- rain or snow that is more acidic than normal precipitation

13. More Problems Burning fossil fuels can also produce smog
Smog is a brownish-yellowish haze that can settle over an area
Can cause respiratory problems in humans

14. Reducing Fossil Fuel Problems
Use less fossil fuel! Duh!
Car pool, ride a bike, use public transportation
Use public Transportation?
How does that help?
Turn things off when you aren’t using them.

15. How Coal Forms
Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas are formed from the buried remains of organisms that lived years ago
Coal is formed from swamp plants
Pressure from layers above compress the organisms, forming coal
The higher the % of carbon present, the cleaner the coal will burn.
Anthracite is the hardest coal & cleanest burning
97% of Anthracite in the U.S. is found in PA

16. Oil & Natural Gas Form from the remains of ocean organisms
Natural Gas is often lighter than oil and it is found on top
They are both retrieved through drilling.

17. Questions
Oil & Natural Gas are formed from the remains of ocean organisms, why then, are they found under land?
An ocean once covered the area where the resources are found

18. Processing & Delivering
Petroleum can have a mixture of elements within it; they are separated in a refinery
Refineries remove elements such as water, salts, & oxygen
Refineries also store the refined petroleum

19. Questions Why does oil have to be refined?
It cannot be used as effectively if it is not refined
What word describes unrefined oil
Crude

20. Coal Mining & Reclamation
Coal is mined
Strip Mining = soil & rock are stripped from Earth’s surface to expose layers of coal
Deep Coal Mining = Digging underground tunnels deep beneath Earth’s surface to remove coal
Can cause pollution
How else could they be dangerous
What is reclamation

21. Questions What does it mean to “reclaim” land?
Why is reclaimed land dangerous?

22. Alternatives
Alternative resources are resources that can be used in place of fossil fuels

23. Solar Energy Renewable Free & Clean Uh Oh Night time poses a problem
Batteries aren’t up to snuff
Sun hits Earth unevenly

24. Nuclear Energy Nonrenewable Involves uranium
Does not produce Green House Gases!
Uh Oh?
Waste is difficult to store
Waste is harmful
Careful designs are for plants are necessary

25. Hydroelectric Energy Renewable Powered by the water cycle
Fast moving water pushes turbines creating electricity
Uh Oh
Requires a lot of water
Disrupts ecosystems
Not everywhere can be supported by it

26. Wind Energy
Renewable
Strong winds blow fans that turn turbines to create electricity
Uh Oh
Depends on strong, constant wind
Doesn’t produce large amounts of energy
Affects ecosystems

27. Geothermal & Biomass Geothermal energy is inside Earth
Energy released from geysers, volcanoes, ht springs, etc.
Hard to harness & predict
Biomass is dead stuff
Energy released from burning dead plants & crops
Does not produce much energy