1. Protection of Human Rights in Europe

2. The Council of Europe
The Council of Europe, based in Strasbourg (France), now covers virtually the entire European continent, with its 47 member countries. Founded on 5 May 1949 by 10 countries, the Council of Europe seeks to develop throughout Europe common and democratic principles based on the European Convention on Human Rights and other reference texts on the protection of individuals.

3. Human Rights
The protection of human rights is a basic goal of the Council of Europe
Main aims:
to reinforce European solidarity while guaranteeing respect for individuals, their rights and freedoms
To identify new threats to human rights and dignity
To promote public awareness of the importance of human rights

4. Organs of the Council of Europe
The Parliamentary Assembly (representatives of national parliaments of member states)
The Committee of Ministers, a decision- making body (ministers of foreign affairs of all member states)
Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
* The Committee of Ministers – odbor ministara

5. The European Convention on Human Rights
Drawn up within the Council of Europe
Starting point was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Signed in Rome on November 4, 1950
Entered into force on September 3, 1953

6. Video clip about the Convention
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7. Establishment of the Court
The Convention established an enforcement mechanism with jurisdiction to find against the States that do not fulfil their undertakings – the European Court of Human Rights
ECHR is a judicial organ of the Council of Europe
It is a supranational court

8. Importance of the Convention
The most effective human rights treaty in the world
A treaty by which the member states of the Council of Europe have sought to guarantee fundamental human rights to all those within its jurisdiction
The protection machinery set up in Strasbourg

9. The rights and freedoms protected by the Convention
The right to life, liberty and security of person
The right to a fair trial in civil and criminal matters
Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Freedom of expression (including freedom of the press)

10. Prohibitions The Convention prohibits:
Torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
The death penalty
Slavery and forced labour
Discrimination in the enjoyment of rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Convention
Expulsion of a state’s own nationals

11. Protocols
A protocol to the Convention is a text which adds one or more rights to the original Convention or amends certain of its provisions
To date, 16 additional protocols have been adopted

12. Evolution of the Convention
The Convention evolves especially by means of the interpretation of its provisions by the European Court of Human Rights.
Through its case law, the Court has extended the rights afforded and has applied them to situations that were not foreseeable when the Convention was first adopted

13. Organisation of the Court
Composed of a number of judges equal to that of the contracting states (currently 47)
Judges are elected by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe for a non- renewable term of nine years
Judges are impartial arbiters, rather than representatives of any State

14. The Registry
The Registry is the body of staff that provides the Court with legal and administrative support in its judicial work.
It is made up of lawyers, administrative and technical staff and translators

15. Functions of the Court The Court applies the Convention
Its task is to ensure that States respect the rights and guarantees set out in the Convention
It does this by examining complaints known as “applications” lodged by individuals or States

16. The Court’s composition
Cases are heard by one of four main formations:
A single judge can decide on the admissibility of an application
A committee of 3 judges can rule on the admissibility of cases as well as their merits
A chamber of 7 judges decides on cases involving more complex issues
The Grand Chamber of 17 judges hears special cases

17. The Court’s jurisdiction
The Court has jurisdiction to hear allegations of violations of the European Convention on Human Rights and does so on receiving individual or inter-State applications
The Court cannot take up cases of its own motion

18. Applications
Individual applications are lodged by any person, group, company or NGO having a complaint about a violation of their rights
State application is brought by one State against another
Almost all applications so far have been lodged by individuals

19. Proceedings before the Court
The admissibility stage (the application must meet certain requirements)
The merits stage (the examination of the complaint)
If the application is declared admissible (1 out of every 20 cases), the Court advocates reaching a friendly settlement, which ranges from a change in the law(s) to compensation
The procedure is adversarial (the parties to a case have to find the evidence themselves) and public

20. Judgments
Where the Court finds that a member State has violated one or more rights and guarantees, the Court delivers a judgment
Judgments are binding: the countries concerned are under an obligation to comply with them

21. What is the Court not able to do
The Court does not act as a court of appeal
The Court will not intercede directly on your behalf with the authority you are complaining about
The Court will not help you find or pay a lawyer to draw up your application
The Court cannot give you any information on legal provisions in force in the State against which your complaint is directed

22. The application
The application can be written in one of the Court’s official languages (English and French) or in the language of one of the States that have ratified the Convention
It must contain a brief summary of the facts, and indication of the Convention rights that have allegedly been violated, the remedies already used, copies of the decision given in the case and the signature of the applicant

23. Rules for applications
A non-anonymous petitioner must bring the case to the Court within six months of the final domestic ruling on it
The issue must be a violation of a guarantee set forth in the European Convention
The applicant must be a “victim”

24. The Court’s activity
Over 30,000 new applications are lodged every year
64% of the violations found by the Court concern Article 6 (right to a fair hearing) or Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (protection of property)

25. Vocabulary Council of Europe – Vijeće Europe
Treaty – međunarodni ugovor
Jurisdiction – nadležnost
The death penalty – smrtna kazna
Expulsion – progon
Parliamentary Assembly – Parlamentarna Skupština
Term of office – mandat
Violation of human rights – kršenje ljudskih prava
Adversarial procedure – akuzatorni postupak
Binding judgment – obvezujuća presuda
Admissibility – prihvatljivost zahtjeva
Domestic court ruling – odluka nacionalnog suda

26. ECHR The conscience of Europe
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When was ECHR set up?
What is the most common complaint to ECHR?
Which social issues has it dealt with so far?

27. Complete the main steps of the procedure with the ECHR by filling in an appropriate verb:
The Court _______ about the admissibility of the case.
The Court _________ a case admissible or inadmissible.
Merits stage ____________ after the admissibility stage.
The Court __________ a state party of the complaint.
The parties can ________ their observations or other material to the Court.
A chamber __________ a judgement, which becomes final after three months.
The applicant may _________ referral of the case to the Grand Chamber.
The judgement of the Grand Chamber ________ final.

28. Answer key
The Court proves/checks/examines/decides about the admissibility of the case.
The Court declares a case admissible or inadmissible.
Merits stage follows after the admissibility stage.
The Court notifies a state party of the complaint.
The parties can submit their observations or other material to the Court.
A chamber delivers a judgement, which becomes final after three months.
The applicant may request referral of the case to the Grand Chamber.
The judgement of the Grand Chamber is final.

29. Translate the following:
ARTICLE 2
Right to life
1. Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.
2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this Article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary:
(a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence;
(b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained;
(c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.

30. Vocabulary Execution of a sentence of a court – izvršenje presude
Conviction of a crime- osuda za kazneno djelo
In contravention of – u suprotnosti s
Unlawful violence – protupravno nasilje
Lawfully detained person – osoba zakonito lišena slobode
To quel a riot – suzbiti pobunu
Insurrection - ustanak

31. Translation ČLANAK 2. Pravo na život
1. Pravo svakoga na život zaštićeno je zakonom. Nitko ne smije biti namjerno lišen života osim u izvršenju sudske presude na smrtnu kaznu za kazneno djelo za koje je ta kazna predviđena zakonom.
2. Nije u suprotnosti s odredbama ovog članka lišenje života proizašlo iz upotrebe sile koja je bila nužno potrebna:
a) pri obrani bilo koje osobe od protupravnog nasilja;
b) pri zakonitom uhićenju ili pri sprečavanju bijega osobe zakonito lišene slobode;
c) radi suzbijanja pobune ili ustanka u skladu sa zakonom.

32. Part Two: A Case before the ECHR

33. Read parts of the judgement from 25 October 2016 in the CASE OF ARPS v CROATIA (Application no /12) and translate The circumstances of the case (p. 234)

34. Read parts of the judgement from 25 October 2016 in the CASE OF ARPS v CROATIA (Application no /12) on pp and complete the table with the main information from the text:
The applicant
The respondent state
The duration of the procedure before the ECHR
Domestic court hearing the case
The criminal offence the applicant was charged with
Conviction and sentence the applicant appealed against
Provision of the convention that was violated
Relevant case-law that ECHR refers to
The decision of the ECHR

35. The applicant
Mrs. Arps
The respondent state
Croatia
The duration of the procedure before the ECHR
4 years
Domestic court hearing the case
The Bjelovar County Court
The criminal offence the applicant was charged with
Aggravated fraud
Conviction and sentence the applicant appealed against
One year’s imprisonment, suspended for four years; payment of damages to the victims in the total amount of 230, HRK
Provision of the convention that was violated
Article 6 ∬ 1 and 3(c) of the Convention
Relevant case-law that ECHR refers to
Zahirović v Croatia, Lonić v Croatia, Sejdovic v Italy
The decision of the ECHR
The respondent State is to pay the applicant EUR 1,500 in damages

36. Article 6 Right to a fair trial
(1) In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. Judgment shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interests of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.
(2) Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.
(3) Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: (a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. (b) to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence. (c) to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require. (d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him. (e) to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court.
Which paragraphs apply to the case Arps v Croatia?
Translate Par. 3!

37. 3. Svatko optužen za kazneno djelo ima najmanje sljedeća prava:
a) da u najkraćem roku bude obaviješten, potanko i na jeziku koji razumije, o prirodi i razlozima optužbe koja se podiže protiv njega;
b) da ima odgovarajuće vrijeme i mogućnost za pripremu svoje obrane;
c) da se brani sam ili uz branitelja po vlastitom izboru, a ako nema dovoljno sredstava platiti branitelja, ima pravo na besplatnog branitelja, kad to nalažu interesi pravde;
d) da ispituje ili dade ispitati svjedoke optužbe i da se osigura prisutnost i ispitivanje svjedoka obrane pod istim uvjetima kao i svjedoka optužbe;
e) besplatnu pomoć tumača ako ne razumije ili ne govori jezik koji se upotrebljava na sudu.

38. Thank you for your attention!