1. Microbes in Our Lives
Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
“Germ” refers to a rapidly growing cell.

2. WHY STUDY MICROBIOLOGY
Public Health Applications
Food Applications
Industrial Applications
Biofuels Applications
Biopharmaceutical applications

3. Microorganisms Decompose organic waste
Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone
Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread

4. Scientific Names
Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case.
Are “Latinized” and used worldwide.
May be descriptive or honor a scientist.

5. Scientific Names Staphylococcus aureus
Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies (aur-).

6. Scientific Names Escherichia coli
Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat–the large intestine or colon.

7. Bacteria Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission
For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
Figure 1.1a

8. Viruses Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core
Core is surrounded by a protein coat.
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope.
Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell.
Figure 1.1e

9. Fungi Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy.
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae.
Yeasts are unicellular.
Figure 1.1b

11. Modern Developments in Microbiology
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
Mycology is the study of fungi.
Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.
Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.

12. Modern Developments in Microbiology
Immunology is the study of immunity.
Figure 1.4 (3 of 3)

13. Modern Developments in Microbiology
Virology is the study of viruses.
Recombinant DNA is DNA made from two different sources. In the 1960s, Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein.
Recombinant DNA technology, or genetic engineering, involves microbial genetics and molecular biology.

14. Bioremediation Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage.
Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury.
UN 2.1

15. Biological Insecticides
Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission.
Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including humans, and to plants.

16. Modern Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology, the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries old.
Genetic engineering is a new technique for biotechnology. Through genetic engineering, bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes.

17. Modern Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (continued)
Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy.
Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing.

18. Microbes and Human Disease
Bacteria were once classified as plants giving rise to use of the term flora for microbes.
This term has been replaced by microbiota.
Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota.

19. Normal Microbiota Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens.
Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K.

20. Infectious Diseases
When a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results.
Emerging infectious diseases (EID): New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence.

21. Exam Questions Definitions
Differentiate cell walls of Gram +ve & Gram –ve bacteria
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote
Nutrition, environment, staining

25. Chemical Constituents
Bacterial Membrane Structures
Structure
Chemical Constituents
    Plasma Membrane
    Phospholipids, proteins, enzymes for energy, membrane potential, transport.
    Cell Wall
    
       Gram +ve Bacteria
          Peptidoglycan
    Glycan chains of GlcNAc and MurNAc cross linked by peptide bridge.
          Teichoic Acid
    Polyribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate cross linked to peptidoglycan.
          Lipoteichoic Acid
    Lipid linked teichoic acid.
       Gram -ve Bacteria
    Thinner version of that found in Gram positive bacteria.
          Periplasmic Space
    Enzymes involved in transport, degradation, and synthesis.
          Outer Membrane
    Phospholipids with saturated fatty acids.
             Proteins
    Porins, lipoprotein, transport proteins.
             LPS
    Lipid A, core polysaccharide, O antigen.
    Other Structures
       Capsule
    Polysaccharides (disaccharides and trisaccharides) and polypeptides.
       Pili
    Pilin, adhesins.
       Flagellum
    Motor proteins, flagellin.
    Proteins
    M proteins of streptococci (for example).
Bacterial Membrane Structures

26. Functions Of The Bacterial Envelope
Component(s)
   Structural Rigidity
   All.
   Packaging Of Internal Contents
   Permeability Barrier
   Outer membrane or plasma membrane.
   Metabolic Uptake
   Membranes and periplasmic transport proteins, porins, permeases.
   Energy Production
   Plasma membrane.
   Adhesion To Host Cells
   Pili, proteins, teichoic acid.
   Immune Recognition By Host
   All outer structures.
   Escape From Host Recognition
   Capsule, M protein.
   Antibiotic Sensitivity
   Peptidoglycan synthetic enzymes.
   Antibiotic Resistance
   Outer membrane.
   Motility
   Flagella.
   Mating
   Pili.
   Adhesion