1. LANDSCAPE DESIGN
MINOR II
SHRAVAN PK
2BV14AT044
VI SEM – B.ARCH

2. ENCLOSURES IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
A Simple boundary – a wall, a fence or an enclosure – is enough for us to understand that a space has been defined for human use or inhabitation. A land divided into fields is clearly inhibited, as is a garden, which might be bounded by a fence or hedge. Public squares are surrounded on all sides by important buildings. Certain types of enclosures are appropriate to certain types of spaces. A grand fountain on a rectangle of marble paving slabs completed with ornate lamp standards and a grid of trees, would simply fail to be a public square if it was in the middle of a field, surrounded by a strand of barbed wire.
SPACE ENCLOSURE
In design, enclosure by vegetation, landform, structures or water in wall planes enables the definition and separation of spaces and their related human activities. The type and degree of enclosure affects human experience and use, microclimate and character.
DEGREES AND PERMEABILITY OF ENCLOSURE
The landscape architect must decide how enclosed or ‘open’ a space should be – ranging from entirely open with space defined only on the ground plane, to fully enclosed in wall planes. Full enclosure suggests and provides security and privacy, but can be experienced as threatening and unsafe in a public urban environment. Enclosure on two or three sides provides refuge but allows prospect. The height of an enclosure affects scale.
ENCLOSURE AND CHARACTER OF SPACES
The nature of enclosing elements contributes largely to defining the character of a space. A solid smooth concrete wall, roughly textured hedge, billowing trees, dry-stone wall, translucent glass, or meadowed bank all have very different character, texture, qualities and associations which influence how a place is experienced.
ENCLOSURE AND MICROCLIMATE
Enclosure substantially affects microclimate and therefore human comfort and use. In temperate climates, warm south-facing walls ripen fruit and enable tender plants to be grown. A south-facing bank is good for basking in the sun. Broad trees provide dappled shade, cooling the air and making sitting spaces. Pines and dunes protect places from coastal winds. Open valleys channel cooling winds into hot cities. Climate is fundamental to landscape architecture and the designer always considers and works with it.
SHRAVAN PK
2BV14T044
REMARKS:
LANDSCAPE ASSIGNMENT – ENCLOSURES

3. LANDSCAPE ASSIGNMENT – ENCLOSURES
A hedge or hedgerow is a line of closely spaced shrubs and tree species, planted and trained to form a barrier or to mark the boundary of an area, such as between neighboring properties. Hedges used to separate a road from adjoining fields or one field from another, and of sufficient age to incorporate larger trees, are known as hedgerows.
The hedgerow is a fence, half earth, half hedge. The wall at the base is a dirt parapet that varies in thickness from one to four or more feet and in height from three to twelve feet. Growing out of the wall is a hedge of hawthorn, brambles, vines, and trees, in thickness from one to three feet. Originally property demarcations, hedgerows protect crops and cattle from the ocean winds that sweep across the land.
HAWTHORN 
Scientific name: Crataegus monogyna
Japanese or red barberry
Scientific name: Berberis thunbergii 
THE COMMON BEECH
Scientific name: Fagus sylvatica
It is a dense, deciduous, spiny shrub which grows 0.6 to 2.5 m (2 to 8 ft) high. It has deeply grooved, brown, spiny branches. The leaves are green to blue-green (reddish or purple in some horticultural variants), very small, spatula to oval shaped, 12–24 mm long and 3–15 mm broad. They are produced in clusters of 2-6 on a dwarf shoot in the axil of each spine. The flowers are pale yellow, 5–8 mm diameter, produced in drooping 1-1.5 cm long umbrella-shaped clusters of 2–5; flowering is from mid spring to early summer. The edible fruit is a glossy bright red to orange-red, ovoid berry 7–10 mm long and 4–7 mm broad, containing a single seed. They mature during late summer and fall and persist through the winter.
It is a large tree, capable of reaching heights of up to 50 m (160 ft) tall and 3 m (9.8 ft) trunk diameter, though more typically 25–35 m (82–115 ft) tall and up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) trunk diameter. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about 4 m (13 ft) tall. It has a typical lifespan of 150–200 years, though sometimes up to 300 years. In cultivated forest stands trees are normally harvested at 80–120 years of age. 30 years are needed to attain full maturity (as compared to 40 for American beech). Like most trees, its form depends on the location: in forest areas, F. sylvatica grows to over 30 m (100 ft), with branches being high up on the trunk. In open locations, it will become much shorter (typically 15–24 m (50–80 ft)) and more massive.
The common hawthorn is a shrub or small tree 5–14 metres (15 to 45 feet) tall, with a dense crown. The bark is dull brown with vertical orange cracks. The younger stems bear sharp thorns, approximately 12.5mm (half an inch) long. The leaves are 20 to 40mm (1 to 1½ inches) long, obovate and deeply lobed, sometimes almost to the midrib, with the lobes spreading at a wide angle. The upper surface is dark green above and paler underneath. Common hawthorn is extensively planted as a hedge plant, especially for agricultural use. Its spines and close branching habit render it effectively stock- and human-proof, with some basic maintenance. It is a good fire wood which burns with a good heat and little smoke
REFERENCES:
The Fundamentals of Landscape Architecture
By Tim Waterman
Form and Fabric in Landscape Architecture: A Visual Introduction
By Catherine Dee     
SHRAVAN PK
2BV14T044
REMARKS:
LANDSCAPE ASSIGNMENT – ENCLOSURES