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The Muslim World - Achievements
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Objectives Student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 C.E. by Citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization Essential Questions How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning? What were some contributions of Islamic civilization?
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Rise of Muslim Urban Centers
Damascus Located in modern day Syria Known for its fine cloth called damask and for outstanding steel and armor Cultural center of Islamic learning Cordoba Located in modern-day Spain Umayyad capital Population of over 500,000 Mix of Muslims, Christians, and Jews created a cosmopolitan atmosphere Center of Muslim culture 70 libraries, 700 mosques, and 27 free schools
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Damascus Cordoba
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City Building and Architecture
Cairo Located in modern-day Egypt The Fatimid capital City of Baghdad Abbasid capital Selected in 762 C.E. along the Tigris river 100,000 architects, workers, etc. to build the city At it’s peak a population of over 1 million Unique circular design call the “round city” Three protective walls ringed the city Caliph’s palace located in inner most circle along with grand mosque
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Muslim society was made up of four social classes Role of women
Social Structure Muslim society was made up of four social classes Upper class Born Muslim Paid least amount of taxes Second class Converts to Islam Paid a higher tax that upper class, but lower than bottom two classes Protected people Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians Slaves Prisoners of war, non-Muslims Performed household work or fought in military Role of women As believers, men and women are equal according to the Qur’an “Men are the managers of women’s affairs” and “righteous women are therefore obedient” Shari’a law gave women specific legal rights concerning marriage, family, and property More rights than European women of the time period Could have access to education Main responsibility was to raise children
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Muslim Scholarship Advancement of scholarship
Practical concerns Relied on math and astronomy to calculate prayers times and the direction of Mecca Deep curiosity Quest for truth that dated back to Muhammad Emphasis on study and scholarship Protection of European knowledge Muslim leaders and scholars helped to preserve and expand ancient knowledge from Europe, Persia, and India Houses of Wisdom First library/academy opened in early 800s in Baghdad Translated works into Arabic 1ST universities Arabic language Became the language of learning and scholarship
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Medical Advances/ Science and technology
al-Razi Greatest physician of the Muslim world Wrote encyclopedia called the Comprehensive book Believed patients would recover better if they were exposed to clean air Hospital experiment Astronomy Compasses used to locate the direction of Mecca Figured out the exact times for prayer and length of Ramadan Study of Optics Used to develop telescopes and microscopes Geography Calculated Earth’s circumference within 9 miles of its correct value Produced a world atlas with dozens of maps Compass
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Two major ideas introduced by Muslim Scholars
Mathematics/ Science Two major ideas introduced by Muslim Scholars Reliance on scientific observation and experimentation Mathematics as the basis of all knowledge Spread Indian concept of zero used Arabic numerals Al- Khwarizmi Born in Baghdad in late 700s C.E. Studied Indian sources rather than Greek Wrote textbook explaining Algebra Al-jabr
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Philosophy Translated the works of the Greek philosophers into Arabic
Ibn Rushd Tried to harmonize Greek writings of Aristotle and Plato with Islam Was attacked by some religious thinkers Argued both beliefs had the same goal- to find truth Ibn Sina Most famous philosopher All knowledge from God, had proof that the soul was immortal
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Strong tradition of literature in Arabia before arrival of Islam
Muslim Literature Strong tradition of literature in Arabia before arrival of Islam Bedouin poets Qur’an is the standard for all Arabic literature and poetry Poetry sang praises of Muhammad and of Islam The Sufis known for their poetry Focused on mystical experiences with God Popular literature The Thousand and One Nights Collection of fairy tales, parables, and legends
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Muslim Art and Architecture
Arab rich artistic traditions were enhanced by Islam Islam forbade depiction of living things based on the idea that only Allah can create life Led to development of Calligraphy Art of beautiful handwriting Architecture Greatest cultural blending Blend of Byzantine, Persian, and European influences Mosques Usually had a minaret (tower) and a prayer room inside Variety of design styles that reflected the diversity of Muslim lands
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Architecture Dome of the Rock The Great Mosque in Mecca
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Muslim Cultural Achievements
Muslim Scientific Achievements Architecture Arabic numerals Mosaics Algebra Arabic Alphabet Medicine Universities Expansion of geographic knowledge Translation of ancient texts to Arabic
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