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/Notes/ Families of Elements
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Valence Electrons The electrons in the outermost electron shell.
How do you know how many valence electrons an element has? Look at the periodic table
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Numbers of Valence Electrons
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Don't worry about these!
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The Effect of Valence Electrons
Full electron orbitals are the most stable Electron orbitals can hold 8 electrons Atoms want to be stable Atoms want 8 valence electrons. Atoms will form bonds with other atoms to gain, lose, or share electrons to get 8 valence electrons
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Metals Shiny solids Metals conduct heat & electricity
Metals are malleable They can be bent or shaped without breaking
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Metals
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Alkali Metals
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Metals Alkali Metals React violently with water Soft & shiny
Alkali metals have 1 valence electron
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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Metals Alkaline-Earth Metals React with other elements easily
(not as easily as alkali metals) All alkaline-earth metals have 2 valence electrons
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Transition Metals
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Metals Transition Metals They are not very reactive
As a result you can find them in the Earth as elements Silver, Gold, Zinc, Iron, Platinum, and Tin are some examples
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Rare Earth Elements
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Metals Rare Earth Elements Some are man-made
All are very similar to one another Examples: Uranium, plutonium, neodynium
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Non-Metals Can be found as solids, liquids, or gases.
Dull in color (not shiny) Brittle (don’t bend) Bad conductors of heat & electricity
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Non-Metals
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Halogens
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Non-Metals Halogens Very reactive with other elements
Have 7 valence electrons Examples Chlorine- used in pools Fluorine- placed in tapwater & toothpaste. It keeps your teeth strong.
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Noble Gases
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Non-Metals Noble Gases Do not react with any other elements
Have 8 valence electrons 8 electrons is a “full” energy level, so they don’t want any more electrons. Example- Neon: used in neon signs
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Metalloids
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Metalloids or Semiconductors
Some characteristics of metals, some characteristics of non-metals Can conduct heat & electricity Not as well as metals, but better than non-metals Example- Silicon: used in computers & electronics.
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