1. Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis
Human Geography
Jerome D. Fellmann
Mark Bjelland
Arthur Getis
Judith Getis

2. Chapter 3 Spatial Interaction & Spatial Behavior
Human Geography
Chapter 3
Spatial Interaction
&
Spatial Behavior
Insert figure 3.1
Photo by Mark Bjelland

3. Bases for Interaction A Summarizing Model Complementarity
Transferability
Intervening Opportunity
Human Geography 11e

4. Bases for Interaction A Summarizing Model Complementarity
For two places to interact, one place must have what another place wants and can secure
Effective supply and demand are important considerations for exchange
Insert figure 3.3
Human Geography 11e

5. Bases for Interaction A Summarizing Model Transferability
Acceptable costs of an exchange
An expression of the mobility of a commodity and is a function of three interrelated conditions:
The characteristics of the product
The distance measured in time and money penalties, over which it must be moved
The ability of the commodity to bear the cost of movement
If the time and money costs of traversing a distance are too great, exchange does not occur.
Human Geography 11e

6. Bases for Interaction A Summarizing Model Intervening Opportunity
Complementarity can be effective only in the absence of more attractive alternative sources of supply or demand closer at hand or cheaper
Intervening opportunities serve to reduce supply/demand interactions that otherwise might develop between distant complementary areas
For reasons of cost and convenience, a purchaser is unlikely to buy identical commodities at a distance when a suitable nearby supply is available
Human Geography 11e

7. Bases for Interaction (cont.)
Measuring Interaction
Distance Decay
The Gravity Concept
Interaction Potential
Movement Biases
Human Geography 11e

8. Bases for Interaction (cont.)
Measuring Interaction
Friction of Distance
Distance has a retarding effect on human interaction because there are increasing penalties in time and cost associated with longer distance, more expensive interchanges
Distance Decay
The decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin
Human Geography 11e

9. Bases for Interaction (cont.)
Measuring Interaction
The Gravity Concept
The physical laws of gravity and motion developed by Sir Isaac Newton ( ) are applicable to aggregate actions of humans
A large city is more likely to attract an individual than is a small hamlet
Movement Bias
Predictable flows making some centers more attractive to merchants and customers
Human Geography 11e

10. Human Spatial Behavior
Mobility vs. Migration
Individual Activity Space
Territoriality
The Tyranny of Time
Space-Time Prism
Distance and Human Interaction
Critical Distance
Spatial Interaction and the Accumulation of Information
Information Flows
Information and Perception
Perception of Environment
Perception of Natural Hazards
Human Geography 11e

11. Migration Principal Migration Patterns Intercontinental
A reflection of massive intercontinental flows
Intracontinental
Movements between countries
Interregional
Movements within countries
Rural-to-Urban
Human Geography 11e

12. Migration Principal Migration Patterns Rural-to-Urban
Movements of peoples from agricultural areas to cities; prominent during the industrial revolution
Rapid increase in impoverished rural populations put increasing and unsustainable pressures on land, fuel, and water in the countryside
Human Geography 11e

13. Types of Migration Insert figure 3.25 Forced Reluctant
The relocation decision is made solely by people other than the migrants themselves
Slaves were forcibly transferred to the Americas
Convicts transported to other continents
Communist relocations (USSR)
Immigrants expelled (Uganda)
Forced repatriation of foreign nationals
Reluctant
Less than fully voluntary
Aggressive governmental relocation campaigns (Indonesia)
Insert figure 3.25
Human Geography 11e

14. Types of Migration Voluntary Involuntary
The great majority of migratory movements are voluntary
Migrants believe that their opportunities and life circumstances will be better at their destination than they are at their present location.
Involuntary
Human Geography 11e

15. Controls on Migration Push & Pull Factors
Push factors are negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate
They might include loss of job, lack of professional opportunity, overcrowding or slum clearance, or a variety of other influences
Pull factors are the presumed positive attractions of the migration destination
All the attractive attributes perceived to exist at the new location: safety, and food, perhaps, or job opportunities, better climate, lower taxes, more room, and so forth
Human Geography 11e

16. Controls on Migration Place Utility Step Migration Chain Migration
The measure of an individual’s satisfaction with a given residential location
Step Migration
Place transition
Rural to central city
A series of less extreme locational changes
From farm to small town to suburb, and finally to the major central city itself
Chain Migration
The mover is part of an established migrant flow from a common origin to a prepared destination
An advance group of migrants is followed by second and subsequent migrations originating in the same home district and frequently united by kinship or friendship ties
Counter Migration
Not all immigrants stay permanently at their first destination
Return migration
Human Geography 11e

17. Controls on Migration Channelized Migration
Areas that are in some way tied to one another by past migrations, by economic trade considerations, or some other affinity
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Most migrants go only a short distance
Longer-distance migration favors big cities
Most migration proceeds step-by-step
Most migration is rural to urban
Most migrants are adults and males
Human Geography 11e

18. Insert figure 3.29
Human Geography 11e

19. Globalization Economic Patterns Political Patterns Cultural Patterns
Human Geography 11e