1. Appendicular Skeleton

2. Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
The axial skeleton was made from bones that were in the central part of the human body
The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the limbs and supporting elements that connect them to the trunk
It has a great ability to change the abilities and environment for a human being

3. Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
The axial skeleton was a system that was designed to protect and house vital organs
Its primary uses were for keeping important organs safe
The appendicular skeleton is a system that is designed to allow movement and flexibility for an organism
It is generally the reason you can experience the world around you

4. Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular is composed of four different sections
Each section is used to manipulate the environment around the individual
Each section is composed of entirely different bones that will allow the individual the best chance to survive

5. Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
The pectoral girdle articulates the upper limbs around the body
The upper limbs are used to manipulate tools and increase balance
The pelvic girdle handles weight load and helps move the lower limbs
The lower limbs allow for movement and support

6. The Pectoral Girdle
Each arm articulates with the trunk at the pectoral girdle
It consists of two broad flat scapulae and two clavicles
The movements of the scapulae and the clavicles position the shoulder joints and provide base for arm movement

7. The Pectoral Girdle
The clavicles are “S” – shaped bones that originate at the superior lateral border of the manubrium
These bones are relatively fragile and are the main reason that people have to wear shoulder pads when they play various contact sports
You can feel the clavicle move against your sternum when you raise or lower your shoulder joints

8. The Pectoral Girdle
The anterior body of each scapula forms a broad triangle
The muscles that attach to the scapula move the shoulder, rotator cuff and the humorous
This allows for a large range of movements of the shoulder and upper arm

9. Glenohumeral Joint
Where the scapula and the upper arm bones meet is called the glenohumeral joint
At the glenohumeral joint the scapula articulates with the humerus, the proximal bone of the upper limb
Both bones are set an anchored in the joint with a mixture of connective tissue and muscle tissue

10. Glenohumeral Joint
The bones of the shoulder stay together with the help of the rotator cuff
The muscles and tendons of the rotator cuff are designed to help support ant help the shoulder stay in place
However, repeated motions (especially overhead) can damage the muscle and tendon that hold the glenohumeral joint together

11. The Upper Limbs
The upper limbs are designed for the ability to use and utilize our hands
Unlike most organisms they are not used to balance on the ground
They can be free to use during any activity

12. The Upper Limbs
The bones of the upper arm consist of four separate sections
The humerus (upper arm)
The radius and ulna (lower arm)
The carpals (wrist)
The metacarpals and the phalanges (hands)

13. Humerus
The humerus is a long bone that is found in the upper arm region of the body
This bone sits inside the shoulder and articulates to create all of the movements of the upper arm
It also interacts with the bones of the lower arm to create a twisting motion of the forearm

14. Humerus
The most prominent feature of this bone is the head, which is a large projection on the proximal end
The large head will rotate when the muscles of the rotator cuff pull it in different directions
The other end of the humerus articulates at the condyle
This section will rotate with the radius and ulna

15. Radius and Ulna
The radius and the ulna are parallel bones that support the forearm
It is often easy to get these two confused
However, the radius always lines up with the thumb
This is because when something is “rad” you give it a thumbs up
If that does not help, then the knob you feel in your elbow is the ulna

16. Radius and Ulna
The ulna has two major features that allow the elbow to move
The trochlear notch is where the humerus sits and articulates
The olecranon is the projection that is posterior of the elbow

17. Radius and Ulna
The radius is has two major features that allows the radius to move with the elbow
The radial head articulates with the end of the humerus
The ulnar notch is near the wrist and allows the forearm to twist

18. Radius and Ulna
The radius and the ulna interact very interestingly when interacting with the humerus
They will only bend one direction when acting with the humerus
However they will rotate over each other to allow the forearm to twist at the wrist

19. Carpal Bones The wrist is a very interesting section of the upper limb
The wrist allows movement on two different axis
Side to side and forward back
The twisting motion that is seen in the lower arm is really dependent on the radius and ulna
It has eight bones that will all articulate to allow a really wide range of movement

20. Carpal Bones
Out of the eight carpal bones, four are considered distal (far) and four are considered proximal (near)
The four proximal bones are the…
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

21. Carpal Bones The remaining four bones are considered distal (far)
The distal bones are the…
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

22. Carpal Bones
Breakage generally happens when a person tries to stop their own body weight
The bones of the wrist and distal ends of the radius and ulna are all susceptible to damage when someone breaks their wrist
This generally should be fixed quickly because small changes in bone structure can cause large amounts of pain

23. Metacarpals and Phalanges
There are five different metacarpal bones
These bones articulate with the carpals to move the palm of your hand
These bones make up the majority of your palm

24. Metacarpals and Phalanges
The metacarpals are give roman numerals to define which one them
Metacarpal I is located just below the thumb
From there they increase in number across the palm of the hand
Roman numeral I - Radius

25. Metacarpals and Phalanges
Distal to the metacarpals is the phalanges
Each finger has three different phalanges
They are proximal, middle and distal
The thumb (pollex) has two phalanges
Proximal and distal

26. Metacarpals and Phalanges
One of the more common injuries for high school aged males is known as a “boxers break”
How might this happen?
We will figure out how to avoid this right now!
Grab a partner…
You can make it a partner that you really trust…
Or a partner you really hate…

27. The Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic girdle consists of two very strong hip bones
It often is included in a structure called the pelvis that includes the sacrum and the coccyx
These bones are designed to carry the weight of the body and move the body

28. The Pelvic Girdle The pelvic bones consist of three different parts
The ilium is a the superior and broad part to the hip bone.
This provides attachment points for muscles
The ischium is posterior lower section to the hip bone
When seated, this part supports your weight
The pubis is the anterior lower section to the hip bone

29. The Pelvis
The pelvis consists of the hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx
The pubic symphysis is the cartilage joint between the bones
These bones are important for providing support to everything above them and making sure your body can move while upright

30. The Pelvis Males and females have many differences in the pelvis
These are due to the fact males are generally heavier and females bear children
Some of the major differences include…
A broader pubic angle (greater than 100 degrees)
A wider more circular pelvic outlet
An enlarged pelvic outlet

31. The Legs The legs contain the large bones of the lower body
These will be responsible for the movement of the body
They are also designed ot hold a large amount of weight
When standing on your feet a large amount of weight is being placed on a small surface of your leg bones

32. The Legs The legs consist of four bones
The femur is the bone of the thigh
The patella is more commonly known as the kneecap
The tibia and the fibula combine to make the bones of the shin

33. The Femur The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body
It articulates at the hip and at the knee
It is often said that this bone is the most painful thing in the body to break
Remember pain is subjective

34. The Femur
The femur has a pronounced head that articulates at the pelvis
Then the femoral shaft connects the pelvis to the knee
The patellar surface is the area where the femur articulates at the patella

35. Video
Snapping your femur can come from direct contact from a side angle
Mostly happens from older age
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36. The Patella The patella is a bone located within the patella tendon
It is used to protect the delicate inner workings of the knee
Direct blows to the knee can be diverted by the patella

37. The Patella
The patella articulates at the patellar surface in the femur
This allows the patella to track up and down in its own notch
However if the patella tracks sideways in the notch, there is friction and rubbing
This is commonly referred to as runners knee
This can be because of improper shoes on hard or slanted surfaces

38. Tibia and Fibula
The tibia and the fibula are the bones of the lower leg
These two bones articulate with the knee and the ankle/foot
The tibia is commonly known as a shinbone
Remember – Tibia = Toes
The fibula posterior to the tibia

39. Tibia and Fibula
The tibia is the major weight bearing bone of the shin
The fibula has such a small diameter because it does not help transfer weight to the ankle or foot
However, it is an important bone to attach muscles to move the ankle and foot

40. Tarsal Bones
The tarsal bones make up the ankle and the upper section of the foot
These sections are crucial to be able to walk
They transfer the weight from the body to the ground and vice versa
These bones are significantly thicker and stronger than their counterparts in the wrist

41. Tarsal Bones
There are 7 tarsal bones that make up the foot and the ankle
We will only be learning a few
The talus transfers weight from the legs to the rest of the foot
Talus = Top = Tibia
The calcaneus is commonly referred to as the heel
Most of the weight of the body is transferred to the ground through the heel

42. Metatarsals and Phalanges
The metatarsals are the bones of the middle foot
These bones make up the foot beginning in the middle of your arch
These bones articulate with the metatarsals

43. Metatarsals and Phalanges
The metatarsals are give a roman numeral system similar to the metacarpals
The first metatarsal is the bone associated with the big toe
From there we label across II - V

44. Metatarsals and Phalanges
The phalanges are the bones of the toes
Much like the fingers, there are proximal middle and distal sections to each toe
However, the “great toe” (big toe) is given the name hallux
This toe only has two bones

45. Video