1. System and Application Software: Reference :Understanding Computers
Lecture 3
System and Application Software:
Reference :Understanding Computers
Chapters 5-6

2. Software
The programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do.
Software refers to computer programs.
Systems software allows a computer to operate and run application software.
Application software performs specific tasks or applications.

3. System Software and Application Software
System software: The operating system and utility programs that control a computer system and allow you to use computer
Enables the boot process, launches applications, transfers files, controls hardware configuration, manages hard drive, and protects from unauthorized use

4. System Software and Application Software
Application software: Programs that allow a user to perform specific tasks on a computer
Word processing, playing a game, preparing taxes, browsing the Web, and so forth

5. Acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer
The Operating System
Operating system: A collection of programs that manage and coordinate the activities taking place within a computer system
Acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer

6. Functions of an Operating System
Interfacing with users (typically via a GUI)
Booting the computer
Kernel is loaded into memory
Processes are started
msconfig used to control startup of processes
Configuring devices
Device drivers are often needed; can be reinstalled if needed
Plug and Play devices are recognized automatically

12. Functions of an Operating System…..
Managing resources and jobs
Makes resources available to devices
Monitors for problems
Scheduling routines
File management
Keeps track of files stored on computer
Hierarchical format
Security
Passwords
Biometric characteristics: fingerprint, signature, voice pattern, ear form,…..
Firewalls

14. File Management

15. Operates as trusted software
Kernels
The part of the operating system that executes in supervisor mode is called kernel or nucleus
Operates as trusted software
Implements protection mechanisms that could not be changed through the actions of un-trusted software executing in user mode
Extensions of the OS can operate in user mode
Provides the lowest level abstraction layer for resources (memory, processor(s) and IO devices)

16. Kernels
Fundamental design decision – if a given function of the operating system is to be incorporated in the kernel or not
Protection issues
Performances issues

17. Processing Techniques for Increased Efficiency
Multitasking: The ability of an operating system to have more than one program (task) open at one time
CPU rotates between tasks
Switching is done quickly
Appears as though all programs executing at the same time
Multithreading: The ability to rotate between multiple threads so that processing is completed faster and more efficiently
Thread: Sequence of instructions within a program that is independent of other threads

18. Processing Techniques for Increased Efficiency
Multiprocessing and parallel processing: Multiple processors (or multiple cores) are used in one computer system to perform work more efficiently
Simultaneous processing: Performs tasks at the same time
Multiprocessing: Each CPU (or core) typically works on a different job
Used with personal computers with multi-core processors
Parallel processing: CPUs or cores typically works together to complete one job more quickly
Used with servers and mainframes

19. Processing Techniques for Increased Efficiency
Memory management: Optimizing the use of main memory (RAM)
Virtual memory: Memory-management technique that uses hard drive space as additional RAM

20. Differences Among Operating Systems
Types of computer supported
Desktop, mobile, server, etc.
Number of processors
32-bit or 64-bit CPUs
Support for other technologies
New types of buses
Virtualization
Power-saving features
Touch and gesture input

21. Operating Systems for Personal Computers and Servers
DOS: Disk Operating System
PC-DOS: Created originally for IBM microcomputers
MS-DOS: used with IBM-compatible computers
DOS traditionally used a command-line interface
Can enter DOS commands in Windows

23. Windows
Windows: The predominate personal operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation
Windows 1.0 through Windows 3.x: Operating environments for DOS
Windows 95 and Windows 98: Used a similar GUI to the one used with Windows 3.x
Windows NT (New Technology): first 32-bit version of Windows designed for high-end workstations and servers
Windows Me (Millennium Edition): designed for home computers, improved home networking and a shared Internet connection

24. Windows
Windows 2000: replaced Windows NT; was geared towards high-end business workstations and servers, support for wireless devices
Windows XP: Replaced both Windows 2000 and Windows Me
Improved photo, video, and music editing and sharing
Improved networking capabilities
Support for handwriting and voice input
Large user base, MS will support until 2014
Windows Vista: Replaced Windows XP with Improved networking and multimedia

25. Windows
Windows 7: New version of Windows released Oct. 2009
32-bit and 64-bit versions in different editions
Home Premium (primary version for home users)
Professional (primary version for businesses)
Starts up and responds faster than Vista
Will run well on netbooks, unlike Vista
Device Stage for all connected devices
Improved home networking (HomeGroup, etc.)
Jump lists, gadgets, etc.
-Windows 10
-Windows 10 introduces significant changes to the operating system's platform, primarily focused towards improving its user experience on mobile devices such as tablets to better compete with other mobile operating systems like Android 

27. Mac OS
Mac OS: Proprietary operating system for computers made by Apple Corporation
Based on the UNIX operating system; originally set the standard for graphical user interfaces
Includes:
Safari Web browser
New features like Time Machine (For Backup and restore ), Stacks(for file management), Quick Look (image viewer), Boot Camp, etc.
More responsive than previous versions

29. Current Operating Systems (continued)
Apple operating systems
Often provide cutting edge tools in graphics and music not available from Microsoft
Mac OS X
Jaguar (OS X.2)
Panther (OS X.3)
Tiger (OS X.4): support for 64-bit computing, Dashboard, Spotlight, etc.

30. UNIX
UNIX: Operating system developed in the late 1960s for midrange servers
Multiuser, multitasking operating system
More expensive, requires a higher level of technical knowledge; tends to be harder to install, maintain, and upgrade
“UNIX” initially referred to the original UNIX operating system, now refers to a group of similar operating systems based on UNIX

32. Linux
Linux: Version (flavor) of UNIX available without charge over the Internet
Increasingly being used with personal computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers
Is open-source software: has been collaboratively modified by volunteer programmers all over the world
Originally used a command line interface, most recent versions use a GUI
Strong support from mainstream companies, such as Sun, IBM, HP, and Novell
Much less expensive than Windows or Mac OS

34. Operating Systems for Mobile Phones and Other Devices

35. Operating Systems for Mobile Phones and Other Devices
Windows Mobile: Designed for mobile phones
Look and feel of desktop versions
Android: Linux based OS developed by Open Handset Alliance (including Google)
iPhone IOS: Designed for Apple Mobile phones and mobile devices.
Symbian OS: Designed for use with smart phones(ex. NOKIA)

43. Utility Programs
Search tools: Designed to search for files on the user’s hard drive
Windows includes search tools
Google, Yahoo desktop search
Diagnostic programs: Evaluate your system and make recommendations for fixing any errors found
Disk management programs: Diagnose and repair problems related to your hard drive
Uninstall utilities: Remove programs from your hard drive without leaving bits and pieces behind
Important to properly uninstall programs, not just delete them

44. Utility Programs Clean up utilities: Delete temporary files
File compression programs: Reduce the size of files so they take up less storage space on a storage medium or can be transmitted faster over the Internet
Both zip and unzip files
WinZip (Windows users) and Stuffit (Mac users)

45. Utility Programs
Backup and recovery utilities: Make the backup and restoration process easier
Backup: Duplicate copy of data or other computer content
Good backup procedures are critical for businesses
Individuals should back up important documents, , photos, home video, etc.
Store backup data on a CD or DVD, second hard drive, flash memory drive, or upload to the Internet
Back up your entire computer once all programs have been installed, so your system can be restored to that configuration.

46. Backup Programs

47. Utility Programs Security programs: Protect computers and users
Antivirus programs
Antispyware programs
Firewalls
Many are included in Windows and other operating systems

48. Application Software
Application software refers to programs that enable the user to be productive when using the computer.

49. Application software
Programs that allow a user to perform specific tasks on a computer :Word processing, playing a game, preparing taxes, browsing the Web, and so forth

50. What Is Word Processing Software?
Word processing: using computer technology to create, manipulate, and print text materials such as letters, legal contracts, manuscripts, and other documents.
Leading word processors:
Microsoft Word
Corel WordPerfect

52. Word Processing Uses Functions Memos Reports Correspondence
Minutes of meetings
Anything to be typed
Functions
Create
Edit
Format
Store
Print text and graphics

53. Creating and Editing Documents
Scrolling and moving the insertion point
Line breaks and paragraph breaks
Editing text
Spell-checking

54. Formatting Documents Character formatting Paragraph formatting
Page and document formatting

55. Graphics, Tables, and Templates
Most word processors allow insertion of graphics, (clip art, photographs, etc.) into documents.
Tables can be used to neatly organize data.
Templates and wizards can help users quickly create standard documents.

56. Word Processing and the Web
Most recent word processors include features to:
Save documents as Web pages
Open and edit existing Web pages
Include hyperlinks in documents
Send

57. Electronic Spreadsheets

58. What Is a Spreadsheet Program?
A spreadsheet program is used to create documents that can be organized into rows and columns and contain numbers and equations.
Leading spreadsheet products include:
Microsoft Excel
Lotus 1-2-3
Corel Quattro Pro

60. Creating and Editing a Worksheet
Entering labels and constant values
Entering formulas and functions
Editing a worksheet
Relative vs. absolute cell referencing

61. Formatting a Worksheet
Cell formatting
Row or column formatting
Worksheet formatting

62. Charts and Sensitivity Analysis
A charting or graphing feature allows charts to be quickly created from spreadsheet data.
What-if analysis allows you to change certain numbers on a spreadsheet and look at the results of that change.

63. Spreadsheets and the Web
Many spreadsheet programs include some Web capabilities, such as being able to save a worksheet as a Web page.
More commonly, blocks of cells on a spreadsheet are copied into Web pages.

64. What Is Presentation Graphics Software?
Presentation graphics software is a type of program used to create presentation graphics.
Common programs include:
Microsoft PowerPoint
Corel Presentations
Lotus Freelance Graphics

66. Creating a Presentation
Individual slides are typically created and can either be printed or used in electronic slide shows.
Text can be formatted and toolbar buttons can be used to insert clip art, photographs, video clips, audio clips, etc.
Different types of charts (bar, pie, line, text, organizational) are also available.

67. Enhancing a Presentation
Transitions and other types of animation can be used to add interest to a slide show.
Slide order can be rearranged as needed and then the slide show can be run.
Typically, options are available to print slides or speaker notes, if needed.

68. Presentation Graphics and the Web
Presentation graphics programs can be used to create Web pages.
Slide shows are often available through the Web.

69. Software Licenses and Registration
A software license gives the user the right to install and use the program on one computer.
Organizations purchase a site license to install a program on many computers.

70. The Basics of Application Software
Software ownership rights: Specify the allowable use of the program
Software license: Specifies the conditions under which a buyer of the program can use it

71. Software Ownership Rights
Commercial software: Copyrighted software that is developed usually by a commercial company, for sale to others
Shareware: Copyrighted software distributed on the honor system; consumers should either pay for it or uninstall it after the trial period
Freeware: Copyrighted software programs that are given away by the author for others to use free of charge

72. Software Ownership Rights
Public domain software: Software that is not copyrighted and ownership rights have been donated to the public domain
Open source software: Programs with source code made available to the general public

73. Software Ownership Rights

74. Desktop vs. Mobile Software
Mobile phones and mobile devices typically require mobile software
Specifically designed for a specific type of device
Wide range of software available

75. Installed vs. Web-Based Software
Installed software: Must be installed on the computer before it can be run
Can be purchased in physical form
Can be downloaded from the Internet

76. Installed vs. Web-Based Software
Web-based software: Run directly from the Internet
Also called Software as a Service (SaaS) and cloudware
Includes free software and fee-based software available via an application service provider (ASP)

77. Quick Quiz
1. Software programs that are distributed on the honor system and can be legally and ethically shared with others to try out the software are referred to as ______________________. a. shareware programs b. commercial software c. public domain software 2. True or False: Software purchased via the Internet is always in downloaded, not packaged, form. 3. A group of related software programs sold together as one unit is called a(n) ______________________. Answers: 1) a; 2) False; 3) software suite