1. Segment 1 Review

2. Module 1

3. Early American Journalism
A: 1940s B: C: D: 1920s  1800s X: 1729
Television news started, and films began showing short clips of news items before or after the shows.
Benjamin Franklin circulated the most popular newspaper in the colonies.
Telegraphs and railroads helped reporters send news across long distances.
More daily newspapers and regular magazines came out, including some in other languages.
The first American newspaper ended in the arrest of the publisher.
Radio entered the scene, giving audiences a new option for gathering their news.

4. Newspapers: Yesterday and Today
The headlines and pictures we are used to seeing were not used in colonial newspapers. However, some aspects, such as the top bar with the title, are similar to what you see in modern periodicals.
Early American newspapers mixed editorial content with the news. Today’s readers want to know whether they are reading biased or impartial stories, and they expect reporters to be up front about the difference.
American newspapers not only looked different years ago; they were made differently. The supplies needed to create a small newspaper were quite expensive, and printers often produced only a few hundred copies per run.

5. Module 2

6. What’s the difference? Broadsheet Tabloid

7. “Tabloid” News: Sensational News Attract attention May not be true
Tabloid-sized papers can provide sensational or “hard-hitting” news

8. Characteristics of newspapers: The following are: T or F
Provide up-to-the-minute news updates
Can be daily or weekly
Operate under deadlines
Put all news stories under one big heading
Divide topics and viewpoints into different sections

9. What are some of the sections of a newspaper?

10. Magazines Many forms Many topics Publish once a week or once a month
Mostly cover events of lasting interest
Which of the following are you most likely to
find information about in a weekly newspaper?
Robbery at the town bank
Upcoming presidential election
Local high school football team

11. Module 3

12. Radio:
Many channels
Variety of shows:
Talk
Comedy
News
Music

13. Radio: Use of adjectives to describe scene Clear speaking voice
Pronunciation
Pauses sometimes = emphasis

14. Television:
Many types of programming
Moving pictures and sound

15. Credibility
What makes a news broadcast credible?

16. Credibility: Determining Fact or Opinion
Word choice- positive or negative
Who is being interviewed?
Images- what kind are being shown?
Reporter’s demeanor
Phrases- “should be/do,” “right,” “wrong,” etc.

17. Questions to ask: Where did this quote come from?
Are both sides of the story being presented?
Does news seem realistic or newsworthy?

18. Internet News:
Internet news is becoming more and more popular. While there are many credible sites out there, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether information online is trustworthy. Consider these questions when evaluating an internet site:
Who publishes it?
Are there other sources that can confirm this information?
What is the motivation for this site, blog, magazine etc.?
Wikipedia

19. Citizen Journalism
Citizen journalists are ordinary citizens who take it upon themselves to take video or pictures of or make comments on what is happening around them.
They generally do not have a background in journalism, are not bound by a professional code of ethics and are not employed by a newspaper, magazine etc.
While citizen journalists may have valid or interesting commentary on events, it is important to recognize these differences between them and professional journalists.

20. Ethics:
What do you believe it means to be “ethical”?

21. Codes of Ethics Journalists often have a code of ethics to guide them as they do their work
Some of the Guidelines for Photographers:
-Be accurate-don’t alter images
-Don’t stage or fall victim to staged photo ops
-Provide context (make sure photo is representative of as much of the story as possible), avoid bias
-Treat subjects with respect/dignity
-Don’t reward subjects for participation
-Don’t be influences by gifts or bribes
-Don’t sabotage others

22. 4 Guidelines for all Journalists
Seek the truth and report it as fully as possible
Act Independently
Minimize harm
Be accountable

23. First Amendment Freedom of speech, press, assembly and petition
Which part is most important for journalists?
A) Speech B) Press C) Assembly
D.)Petition

24. Freedom of the press allows journalists to do their job without fear of legal repercussions (in most cases).
Why is this important?

25. Intellectual Property
Refers to other people’s creations or ideas
Once a journalists’ work is published, it is protected by copyright
Taking credit for someone else’s work is plagiarism

26. Slander and Libel
Both deal with reporting false and harmful information
Slander= spoken
Libel= written
For average citizens: Just need to prove
negligence
For celebrities: Need to prove organization
tried to deliberately distort the truth

27. Sensationalism News designed to keep people interested not informed
Often called Yellow Journalism after a character in William Randolph Hearst’s paper
This kind of journalism fails to quote sources or provide accurate information
This kind of journalism can call the ethics and credibility of a reporter or organization into question

28. Module 4

29. Persuasion
Newspapers often divide editorial sections from impartial ones
However, sometimes we, as consumers of news need to be aware of when it is not clear an opinion is being expressed rather than a fact

30. Logos Appeals based on logic, what can be proven
Often takes the form of statistics
However, statistics alone may not give the whole story-how was the research done? Does it represent a majority or minority? It is possible that there is an instance of logical fallacy?

31. Logical Fallacies:
Bandwagon: Relies on what the majority of people are doing- uses the argument of “Everyone is doing it.”
False Dilemma: Suggestion that there are only two options
Correlation and Causation: Suggestion that one thing caused another

32. Journalists need to be aware of these fallacies so that they do not make faulty suggestions or lead audiences to make incorrect assumptions

33. Pathos Appeal to emotion Often communicated through word choice
Some reporters use this as part of their job
Opinion writers, editorial writers, reviewers
Must watch not to try and manipulate people even if using emotion (Propaganda)

34. Ethos An appeal to the audience’s sense of right and wrong
Even though journalists may have their own thoughts and feelings about a situation, they need to be able to remain impartial to remain ethical

35. Checking Ethos Consider the source
Be aware of any agenda the journalist may have
Do your research
Explore both sides
Remember: Sharing other’s opinions does not mean a reporter is biased

36. Bias Comes from belief or personal experience
May cause people to ignore details that
might change their mind
Can be difficult to recognize-not always “I think” or “I believe.”
Hard to put bias aside
Tone = word choice
Important to be aware of bias
May choose not to write about a topic you have strong feelings about = conflict of interest