1. (6) Lateral release(lateral plosion) in a sequence of stop + homorganic lateral: cattle/t+l/, middle/d+l/, Bud Light /d+l/, at last /t+l/ (In both cattle and middle, the released lateral /l/ is also syllabic [ ].) cf) If there is no homorganicity, lateral release does not appear. : The final lateral is syllabic but has no release. (7) Dentalized stop: Alveolar stops are realized as dental when they occur immediately before interdentals: bad things great things (8) Flap: Converting an intervocalic alveolar stop /t, d/ to a voiced flap(tap) [ɾ], when the second syllable is not stressed: letter, atom, header, ladder ♣ If the alveolar stop is the onset of a stressed syllable, the flap does not occur. does not occur: attic [ǽɾɪk] / attack [əthǽk]

2. - The flap is also valid across word boundaries; at all [əɾɔl] (flapped because /t/ is the coda of the unstressed syllable) a tall [ə tɔl] (not flapped because /t/ is the onset of the stressed syllable) (Similaly, might I [máɪɾaɪ], my tie [maɪ táɪ]) - Although, in a great majority of cases of flapping, the first vowel is stressed, this is not a necessary condition, i.e. flapping occurs between two unstressed vowels; ♣ Thus, the only condition related to stress is that the target alveolar stop cannot be in a stressed syllable. - There are two other environments that seem to provide the context for this process. (a) the r-coloring of the first vowel; porter [pɔrɾɚ], border [bɔrɾɚ] (b) the following syllabic liquid; little [lɪɾl], cattle [kæɾl], bitter [bɪɾɚ], butter [bʌɾɚ]

3. (9) Palatalized affrication: Alveolar stops of English are produced with considerable affrication as onsets when they are followed by /r/. The tongue tip touches behind the alveolar ridge, exactly to the point where affricates /ʧ, ʤ/ are produced: train, drain - /t, d/ may turn into palato-alveolar affricates when they are followed by the palatal glide in the following word; did you [ ] ate your dinner [ ] (10) /t/-deletion: In the homorganic sequence /-nt-/, /t/ is deleted in pronunciation when the stress is in the preceding syllable. So the creation of homophonous productions for pairs is possible: planner-planter, canner-canter, winner-winter, tenor-tenter. - The loss of /t/ is also seen in many other examples: rental, dental, renter, dented, twenty, gigantic, Toronto - However, /t/-deletion does not occur in these, when the stress in the following syllable: contáin, intérred, entwíned

4. (11) Glottal stop A glottal stop is the sound tha occurs when the vocal cords are held tightly together. In most speakers of American and British English, glottal stops or the preglottalized /t/ are commonly found as allophones of /t/ in words such as Batman [bæʔ.mæn], Hitler [hɪʔ.lɚ], atlas [æʔ.ləs], Atlanta [əʔ.læn.tə], he hit me [hi.hɪʔ.mi], eat well [ ], hot water [ ]. - The glottal stop of /t/ is not allowed in atrocious [ə.tro.ʃəs], attraction [ə.træk.ʃən]; /t/ in the onset position is not glottalized. - Permissible Glottal Stop: (a) /t/ in a syllable-final position: Atlanta [əʔ.læn.tə], Batman [bæʔ.mæn] (b) /t/ before syllabic nasal: beaten [bi.ʔn], kitten [kɪ.ʔn] (c) Preglottalization inserting a glottal stop before /t/ or voiceless stops: hit [hɪʔt], tap [tæʔp], sack [sæʔk] ♣ For the velar stop, refer to page 64.