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Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
AP Biology Chapter 19
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Prokaryotic Natural History
Genetic Material DNA Chromosome: plasmid Order Unicellular Replication Binary Fission Regulation Expression Trp operon Lac operon
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Eukaryotic Natural History
Genetic Material DNA Chromosomes (linear/longer) Order Multicellular (220 different kinds of cells) Replication Mitosis (Ensures one set of DNA per cell) Regulation How does each cell “know” what to become
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Eukaryotic Genome DNA (genotype) RNA protein (phenotype)
23 pairs of chromosomes/cell ~3,000,000,000 nitrogen bases/cell
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Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Our cells regulate every step of gene expression to ensure appropriate proteins are made in appropriate cells
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Regulating Chromatin Histone Acetylation: 6
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Regulating Chromatin Methylation: silences genes by adding methyl groups to Cytosine 7
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Regulating Chromatin Epigenetic inheritance: A series of proteins and other markers that attach to DNA and regulate its transcription
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Regulating Transcription
Where RNA polymerase begins transcription 9
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Regulating Transcription
Transcription Factors Proteins that help RNA polymerase start transcribing DNA Activators Bending proteins General transcription factors Mediator proteins
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Distal control element Activators Promoter Gene DNA Enhancer TATA box General transcription factors DNA-bending protein Group of mediator proteins RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase II Transcription Initiation complex RNA synthesis
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Regulating After Transcription
RNA processing A U G A U A G C G C A U Exon Intron 5’ 3’ Spliceosome
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Regulating After RNA Processing
5’ GTP Cap and 3’ Poly A Tail Protect mRNA in cytoplasm Nuclease digests unprotected mRNA A U G G C G C A U GTP 5’ 3’ A A A A A A
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Regulating After RNA Processing
microRNA, dicers, and RNA interference
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Regulating Translation/Proteins
Regulating start codon Proteasomes break down protein
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