1. Unit 4 Physical Patterns and Processes

2. How Landforms Are Created

3. Plate Tectonics

4. Large moving slabs of rock slide slowly over a layer of the mantle
Plate Tectonics

5. The Theory of Continental Drift

6. Earth ~200 million years ago

8. Alfred Wegener’s Evidence:
The presence of fossils only over small areas of now separate continents

9. 3 Types of Plate Boundaries
Divergence
Convergence
Transformal

10. DIVERGENCE

11. Divergence

12. Process where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge
Sea-Floor Spreading

13. Has a major impact on countries that are close to it
Examples: Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions
Pacific Ring of Fire

14. What are Hotspot Volcanoes?
Hot mantle breaches the surface in the middle of a tectonic plate
The Hawaiian island chain are examples of hotspot volcanoes.

15. Hawaii was formed by volcanic activity

16. CONVERGENCE

17. Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
CONVERGENCE

18. Transformal

19. No mountains are created
Transformal
No mountains are created

20. Weathering and Erosion

21. Weathering Breakdown of rock at or near the earth’s surface
2 types of weathering
Mechanical
Chemical

22. Mechanical Weathering: no change in chemical composition--just disintegration into smaller pieces

23. Mechanical Weathering
Types of Mechanical weathering
Frost heaving and Frost wedging
Plant roots

24. Frost Wedging

26. Frost Heaving

28. Plant Roots

30. Chemical Weathering: changes or alters as a result of chemical reactions
CaCO3+CO2+H2O ---> Ca2+ + 2HCO3-

31. Chemical Weathering
The agents of chemical weathering
Water
Acid Rain

32. Water

33. Acid Rain
Compounds from burning coal, oil and gas react with water forming acids.

34. Acid rain has eaten away this limestone statue.
Acid rain has eaten away this limestone statue.

36. Erosion
The movement of weathered materials by water, wind, or glaciers

37. Water Erosion forms the largest canyons and the deepest valleys
Creates MOST of the changes
in the Earth's landscape!

40. Wind Erosion Picks up small particles.
Usually in areas of little water or little vegetation

41. Wind Erosion Greatest impact Creates sand dunes in deserts Removes
fertile topsoil

45. Erosion by Glaciers that were formed over many years as ice and snow are compressed

46. Glaciers can create lakes as they melt

48. 3 Things You See, 2 Questions, 1 Inference

50. Physical Geography LACEMOPS Factors that affect climate
llhammon Spring 2012

51. Give me a “L” (latitude)

52. Your proximity to the equator affects climate.

53. Climate Zones

54. Give me an “A” (air masses)

55. Give me a “C” (continentality)

56. Give me an “E” (elevation)

57. Temperature decreases with elevation. 3.5 degrees with each 1,000 feet

58. <<< 105 >>>
Mount Everest 29,028 feet
<<< 105 >>>

59. Give me a “M” (mountain barriers)

60. Give me an “O” (ocean currents)

63. Your distance from oceans. Oceans regulate temperature.

64. Give me a “P” (pressure and wind belts)

65. Give me a “S” (storms)

66. What’s that Spell? Latitude Air Masses Continentality Elevation
Mountain Barriers
Ocean Currents
Pressure and Wind Belts
Storms
What’s that Spell?

67. Climates and Climate Graphs

68. Weather: the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place

69. Climate: The usual pattern of weather in a particular place

70. Climate regions are determined by temperature and precipitation.

71. Climate Graphs

72. Inland – Northern Hemisphere
Moscow, Russia N, 37 E
Inland – Northern Hemisphere
Average Rainfall
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year mm
34.4
29.0
32.7
38.2
51.0
65.6
81.5
71.8
57.7
50.4
44.1
42.4
600.6
24-hr Average Temperature
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year °C
-10 -9
-4.1
4.4
12.2
16.3
18.5
16.7
10.9
4.2
-2.0
-7.5
4.1

73. 24-hr Average Temperature
Sydney, Australia S, 151 E
Southern Hemisphere
Average Rainfall
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year mm
103
111
131
129
123
102 80 69 82 81 78
1222.7
24-hr Average Temperature
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year °C
22.1
21.0
18.4
15.3
12.9
12.0
13.2
17.7
19.5
21.2
17.6

74. Coast – Northern Hemisphere
San Francisco, USA N, 122 W
Coast – Northern Hemisphere
Average Rainfall
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year mm
100.8
68.8
72.5
30.9
10.4
4.5
0.8
2.9
6.1
32.5
68.1
83.9
483.2
24-hr Average Temperature
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year °C
10.1
11.5
11.7
12.3
13.0
14.0
14.7
15.3
15.8
15.2
12.8
10.4
13.1

75. Get 2 different colored pencils and a piece of graph paper
You will need your binder or notebook to take a few notes after we get started

76. Which one is in the Southern Hemisphere?

77. Brisbane, Australia Seasons OPPOSITE when we are used to them (Winter = June, July) Significant rainfall only in a few months

78. Which one is on the coast in the Northern Hemisphere?

79. Equator

80. Earth-Sun Relationships

82. Rotation causes day and night.
Spinning of the Earth on its imaginary axis.
24 hours

83. The revolution of the Earth around the sun
365 ¼ days
Seasons due to its tilt during revolution (23.5 degrees).

84. A - Summer in the Northern Hemisphere
B - Summer in the Southern Hemisphere

85. Solstices
Twice a year, when the tilt of the Earth's is directly towards or away from the Sun
Winter Solstice - December 21 - beginning of winter.
Summer Solstice -June 21 - beginning of summer

86. Equinoxes Sunlight strikes the earth most directly at the equator.
Spring Equinox - March 21
Fall Equinox - September 23

88. Affected by relative position of the sun and the Earth
Climate
Seasons
Day and Night

89. Spheres and Layers of the Earth

91. Atmosphere
The air above the Earth

92. Water in oceans lakes, seas, and etc.
Hydrosphere
Water in oceans lakes, seas, and etc.

93. Lithosphere
Solid Earth

94. Plants, animals, and other living things
Biosphere
Plants, animals, and other living things

96. 1. Tropical 2. Dry 3. Mild 4. Snowy 5. Polar
Climate Regions
1. Tropical 2. Dry 3. Mild 4. Snowy 5. Polar

97. Biomes

99. Areas formed by plants and animals that have adapted to the environment
Washington rain forest

100. Main Biomes Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Dry Forest
Tropical Grassland / Savanna
Desert
Temperate Grassland
Temperate Woodland
Temperate Forest
Northwestern Coniferous Forest
Boreal Forest
Tundra