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The First World War
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Ch. 8.1 Notes “A World Crisis”
Ch. 8.1 Warm-up From what you learned last year, what were the four MAIN causes of WWI?
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A. Causes of World War I Event that sparked the war MAIN causes
Archduke Franz Ferdinand killed MAIN causes Militarism Military preparedness – build up Alliances Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia “balance of power” Imperialism Competition for empire Kaiser Wilhelm II - Germany Nationalism Competition for power
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B. War Breaks Out Alliances lead to war declarations
The Germans take Belgium Germany’s Schlieffen Plan Britain declares war Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers Britain, France, Russia A new kind of warfare Deadly machine guns No hope for short war The First Battle of the Marne French counterattack from Paris 250,000 dead – Russia mobilizes
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C. The War Reaches a Stalemate
Fighting in the trenches trench warfare - stalemate “no-man’s land” New weapons Poison gas, tanks Airplanes Dogfights and aces Red Baron – 80 allied planes
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Ch. 8.2 Notes “The U.S in WWI” Ch. 8.2 Warm-up
Describe at least three of the new styles of fighting or weapons used in WWI for the first time
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A. United States in WWI Wilson declares neutrality
Reflected tradition of isolationism Leaning toward the Allies Ties to Britain/France American war goods German submarine warfare U-boats – “undersea boat” Unrestricted submarine warfare Wilson protests – tension rise
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B. Heading Toward War 1915 – Lusitania sunk by U-boat
1200 die – 128 Americans Americans outraged Germany issues Sussex pledge Wilson’s re-election slogan - “he kept us out of war” Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare The Zimmerman Note Germany proposes deal with Mexico Note intercepted - angers Americans The U.S. declares war Russian Revolution – Russia out Germany sinks more U.S. ships 1917 – Congress declares war
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C. Americans in Europe Raising an army Arriving in Europe
Selective Service Act passed Minority soldiers segregated Arriving in Europe Pershing leads the AEF Convoy system protects U.S. ships Allied setbacks Russian Revolution – Russia out Germans launch series of attacks U.S. troops in action Conditions of trench life Troops provide morale boost American military women “Hello Girls” – radio operators Nurses, typists, bookkeepers
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D. The War Ends 1918 – 2nd Battle of the Marne
Battle of the Argonne Forest U.S. – 120,000 casualties The armistice German home front struggling Nov. 11, 1918 – armistice signed The “Great War” “the war to end all wars”?
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Ch. 8.3 Notes “The Home Front”
Ch. 8.3 Warm-up Describe three reasons why the United States entered WWI
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A. Mobilizing the Economy
1917 – War Revenue Act passed Government borrows money Liberty Bonds from Americans Regulating industry Bernard Baruch heads the WIB Regulating food Herbert Hoover heads the Food Administration Farm production, victory gardens 1919 – 18th Amendment passed Regulating fuel Fuel Administration - conserve fuel daylight savings time instituted Supplying U.S. and Allied troops U.S. major supplier for Allies
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B. Mobilizing Workers Effects of war production
Harsher working conditions National War Labor Board Judged labor disputes Set policies to assist workers Women’s war efforts women take on industrial jobs after war – women return home Influenza epidemic – flu epidemic kills thousands
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C. Influencing Public Opinion
Winning American support CPI – Committee on Public Information created Propaganda used to persuade German culture suppressed Limiting Anti-war Speech 1917 – Espionage Act 1918 – Sedition Act Schenck v. United States Limits to free speech upheld
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Ch. 8.4 Notes “Peace Without Victory”
Ch. 8.4 Warm-up Describe three ways in which the U.S. mobilized itself on the home front in order to win WWI
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A. The Fourteen Points Wilson’s Peace Plan
many points dealt with “self-determination” 14th point – League of Nations reflected Progressive ideals
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B. Paris Peace Conference
Wilson leaves for Paris The conference opens The “Big Four” included: Woodrow Wilson – U.S. David Lloyd George - Britain Georges Clemenceau – France Vittorio Orlando – Italy Conflicting needs Peace v. punish The Treaty of Versailles German reparations War-guilt clause New nations created League of Nations established
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C. The Fight over the Treaty
U.S. Senate refuses to ratify Henry Cabot Lodge The “Reservationists” Wilson appeals to the people Suffers stroke U.S. does not sign Signs separate treaties
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D. The Impact of WWI Cost of war Political impact Economic impact
14 million dead; 7 million disabled $280 billion Political impact End of monarchies Rise of Communism Economic impact European economies devastated Social impact U.S. women into the workforce African Americans move North Impact in Europe France in ruins, Britain in debt Germany crippled
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