1. Warmup 4/7/16
Turn in Translation Practice problems ONLY to the folder at your station.
2. Complete the replication, transcription and translation warmup that you picked up when you came in today.
3. If you are having trouble answering the questions on today’s warmup please use your notes on Transcription, Translation and codon charts.

2. Unit 5 Qualifier due Monday Unit 5 Test Monday
Announcements
Unit 5 Qualifier due Monday
Unit 5 Test Monday

3. Review: We will now take a moment to go over the answers to the translation practice problems
We will also finish going over translation notes and go over the answers to the warmup questions.

4. Comparing protein synthesis to a car factory
DNA rRNA mRNA
Ribosomes amino acids proteins
tRNA nucleus
mRNA cell
The assembly lines in the factory produce individual cars of different colors and models.
The assembly lines in the factory would be like the ribosomes and the cars that the assembly lines produce would be like the proteins.

5. In the middle of the city, there is the administration building
In the middle of the city, there is the administration building. In this building, the manager works in his office where he holds the top secret blueprints or master plans for how to build the various cars produced at the plant.
The administration building would be like the nucleus that holds all the blueprints and instructions (DNA) for making cars (proteins)

6. Because the blueprints are so important, the manager does not allow the blueprints to leave the administration building. Instead, he instructs his secretaries make a copy of the blue prints and the plans are sent to the assembly lines.
The secretaries would be like mRNA, because mRNA comes to the nucleus to pick up the code from DNA just as the secretaries makes a copy of the blueprints to be sent to the assembly lines.

7. In order for the laborers to be able to make a car, they must have the car parts necessary to build them. They rely on many trucks that bring the car parts from suppliers elsewhere in the city.
The car parts would be like amino acids and the trucks would be like tRNA because tRNA brings the necessary amino acid to the ribosomes to construct the proteins, just as the trucks brings the necessary car parts to build the cars.

8. On the assembly line, there is different kinds of machinery that make the building of the cars possible. The car manufacturing plant produces many kinds of cars and many of them are bought and driven by the residents of autoville.

9. The RIBOSOME is like… A necklace factory.
Because… The whole purpose of the factory is to make necklaces (proteins)

10. The DNA is like… The Boss
Because… it tells the factory workers which type of necklaces to make.

11. The mRNA is like… The Secretary
Because… it delivers the necklace recipes and orders to the factory
The Boss (DNA) tells the secretary (mRNA) which necklaces (proteins) need to be made
The secretary (mRNA) delivers the Boss’s (DNA) necklaces order to the factory (Ribosome)

12. The tRNA is like… The Delivery trucks
Because… it drops off the ingredients to the factory for the correct necklaces to be made
The trucks (tRNA) drop off the ingredients – the beads (amino acids) - to make the necklaces (proteins) that the Boss (DNA) ordered

13. So…
The Boss (DNA) gives the necklace orders and recipes to the Secretary (mRNA) to bring to the necklace factory (ribosomes).
The Delivery Trucks (tRNA) bring the ingredients (amino acids) to the necklace factory (ribosome), where the necklaces (proteins) are made and then shipped out

14. Annotate your drawing along with me…

15. Check Point
1) The diagram above depicts the process of ______________________________ synthesis, or how the cell makes proteins from DNA.
2) What is the name of the process happening inside the nucleus?
3) In one sentence, explain what happens in the nucleus.
4) To what organelle does mRNA go to after the first step of protein synthesis?
5) What step of protein synthesis happens here?
6) Explain what happens during the process you identified above.

16. Now… We know that the mRNA brings the recipe to make the proteins
And, the tRNA brings the right ingredients (amino acids) to make the proteins
And, the Ribosome actually puts the ingredients together to make the proteins
BUT… How does the tRNA know which amino acids to bring…?

17. How does tRNA know which amino acid to bring?
1. Breaks mRNA into groups of 3 called CODON.
2. Use a Codon Chart to TRANSLATE mRNA CODON into AMINO ACID.
3. Amino acids linked together by the RIBOSOME to form a polypeptide (PROTEIN) chain.

18. LET’S TRY IT… DNA → mRNA = TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA → amino acids = TRANSLATION
So…
DNA → RNA → Protein

19. GUIDED PRACTICE
Translation

20. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

21. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA CTA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

22. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA GCA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

23. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA GGT
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

24. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA TTC CAC
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

25. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA GTA CAT
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

26. TRANSCRIPTION RACE DNA CCT GTA TCA Complementary Strand mRNA
Amino Acids

27. Complete the Protein Synthesis PRACTICE worksheet
TAT

28. Mutations

29. What does the WORK in cells?
PROTEINS!!!!!!!

30. How are PROTEINS made? DNA is used to make mRNA during transcription.
mRNA is then used to make the protein during translation.
Proteins are made of many amino acids peptide bonded together.

31. HOW do MUTATIONS happen?
If the DNA is mutated (changed) then the nucleotides will be different.
2. If the mRNA is different, the amino acids that will be brought in might be different.
3. If the amino acids are different, then the protein might be different, which means it might not be able to do the work it is supposed to anymore.

32. Are mutations always BAD?
Many mutations are neutral, meaning that they have little or no impact on the expression of genes/proteins
Some can be harmful if it causes a change in protein structure or gene activity

33. What exactly are MUTATIONS?
Mutations are a change in the nucleotide sequence in DNA which then causes a change in proteins.

34. What are the TWO TYPES of Mutations?
POINT MUTATIONS
FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS

35. What is a POINT MUTATIONS?
A point mutation is a change in one nucleotide base.
A point mutation usually only changes one amino acid.
Even if changed, the amino acid might still be the same CCC → CCG are both proline.
BUT the change might cause a different amino acid to be brought in
UUA (leucine) → UUC (phenylalanine)

36. What is an EXAMPLE of a POINT MUTATION? SUBSTITIONS
SUBSTITUTIONS → one base is changed into another
Normal: THE DOG BIT THE CAT
Mutated: THE DOG BIT THE CAR

37. What is a FRAMSHIFT MUTATION?
A frameshift mutation is mutation that shifts the “reading” frame (3-nucleotide codon) of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
Every amino acid after that addition or deletion would be different

38. What are EXAMPLES of FRAMSHIFT MUTATIONS?
INSERTIONS (or additions) → an extra base is put in to the DNA sequence
Normal: THE DOG BIT THE CAT
Mutated: THE DOG SBI TTH ECA T
DELETIONS → a base is removed from the DNA sequence
Mutated: THE OGB ITT HEC AT

39. Which type of MUTATION is WORSE?
 FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS!
BECAUSE every amino acid changes after the mutation, creating a DIFFERENT PROTEIN!!!!!