1. Body Systems

2. Digestive System

3. Human Digestion Alimentary Canal Accessory Organs Mouth 1. tongue
Pharynx 2. salivary glands
Esophagus 3. liver
Stomach 4. pancreas
Small intestine 5. gall bladder
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

4. Process of Digestion Mouth – a. mechanical digestion – chewing
b. chemical digestion – salivary enzymes
begin carb digestion
Pharynx – pharynx-throat with:
tonsils and larynx
Esophagus – Esophagus- tube connecting mouth to stomach
peristalsis: the rhythmic muscular contractions that help push food throughout the digestive system
Epiglottis- flap covering trachea to prevent choking

5. Stomach A. mechanical digestion – peristalsis is churning food
B. chemical digestion – acid and enzymes
1. glands secrete: a. mucus – protects stomach lining
b. acid - hydrochloric (kills bacteria)
c. enzymes – pepsin begins protein
digestion
Growling: peristalsis can occur
in an empty stomach, a
signal to the body to
eat something

6. Small Intestine A. Most chemical digestion takes place here.
B. Absorbed in the small intestine: a. simple sugars
digested by: b. fatty acids
carbohydrases, lipases c. amino acids
proteases and nucleases d. nucleotides
C. The lining of the small intestine
is covered with folds containing
millions of tiny fingerlike projections
called VILLI. This greatly increases
the surface area for absorption.

7. Villi – increase surface area

8. Accessory Organs
Along with intestinal juices secreted by the walls of the small intestine, other organs aid in chemical digestion:
The liver – produces bile which emulsifies
fats and oils
2. The gall bladder –
stores bile until it is
needed in the small
intestine.
The pancreas –
produces enzymes
needed for digestion
in the small intestine.

9. Large Intestine (colon)
A. Appendix – vestigal? Or preserving good bacteria?
Functions of the Large Intestine:
1. Absorbs Water
2. Home for good bacteria that produce vitamin K
3. Form stool (undigested food) for elimination
Rectum - stores and
compacts feces
Anus – end opening of
the alimentary canal

10. Function of Digestive System
Eliminating waste
Absorbing nutrients
Digesting food

11. Circulatory System
The circulatory system is involved in transporting materials

12. The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is composed of the heart and its associated blood vessels.
Blood vessels of the circulatory system include:
a. Arteries - carry blood away from the heart-Rich in Oxygen
b. Veins – carry blood back to the heart-Poor in Oxygen
c. Capillaries – micro-vessels between a & b
3. Blood carries oxygen, hormones and nutrients to all the cells of the body. It carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from the cells.

13. Heart and Circulation
The heart has 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles
It pumps blood to the lungs to get oxygen
It pumps blood to the body cells to give: Oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
Muscles in the body contract to help with circulation

14. Blood Cell Types Red blood cells – carry O2 to all cells
White blood cells –fight infection
Platelets – clotting to prevent blood loss
Are transported in a watery fluid called blood plasma
Makes up 55% of blood volume

15. Blood Functions 1.Transport Nutrients Gases Hormones 2. Homeostasis
Warming
Cooling
Maintains pH
3. Protection
Clotting
Immunity

16. Human Respiratory System
Nasal passages
Pharynx/larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
Diaphragm

17. Respiration
Cellular Respiration – cells need energy to do work. It is produced by the mitochondria in the form of ATP

18. Mechanical Respiration
Respiratory System
Alveoli – air sacs that make up the lung tissue. They are the site for gas exchange.

19. Lungs

20. Breathing

21. Human Respiratory System
Nose
Filters
Warms the air
Nasal Chamber
Epiglottis
Flap that covers trachea
Prevents choking
Trachea
Lined with cilia to filter the air

22. Bronchi Bronchioles Lung Diaphragm
2 of them-lined with cilia to filter air
Bronchioles
Thinner tubes off of the bronchi
Lung
Filled with alveoli- air sacs
Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli
300 million alveoli
Diaphragm
Muscle at the bottom of the lungs
Inhale-diaphragm pulls down
Exhale-diaphragm moves up

23. Capillary-
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the Alveoli
Alveoli-
Grape like sacs in lungs where gases get exchanged

24. Lung Diseases
Asthma – spasms of the bronchi which cause breathing difficulty – often due to allergies
Bronchitis – inflamation of the bronchi
Pneumonia – viral or bacterial lung infection
Emphysema – chronic pulmonary dysfunction often caused by smoking
Lung Cancer – uncontrolled growth of lungs cells often caused by years of smoking

25. Skeletal System

26. Bones Dense, hard connective tissue consisting of living cells
Give support and structure
Stores nutrients
Makes RBCs

27. Muscular System
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

28. Muscles and Bones Connected by
Tendons – connects muscles to bones can withstand tension but still flexible
Ligaments – strong,
fibrous tissue that
connects bones to
other bones

29. Immune System- fights off disease

30. Immunity Disease is the failure of Homeostasis
Bone marrow, lymphocytes, spleen, etc.
Identifying and eliminating harmful pathogens in the body
Destroys dead or dysfunctional cells within the body

31. Lymphatic System Lymph, Lymph nodes
Filters plasma, helps maintain fluids around cells, moves immune cells throughout body

32. Inflammation

33. Excretory System
Organs of Excretion: kidneys, bladder, skin

34. What does the excretory system do?
Removes wastes from the body

35. Integumentary System Skin, hair, nails
Acts as a barrier (only lets certain things in or out)
Excretes waste

36. Nervous System Neurons, Brain, Spinal Cord
Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System
Transmits electrical signals throughout the body
Enables the senses to work

37. Endocrine System
Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas), hormones
Regulates body functions (growth, reproduction, homeostasis) by releasing hormones

38. Reproductive System Eggs, sperm, uterus, testicles, etc.
Pass on genes, sustain life