1. HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE Chapter 6-4 Charting a course for the Future

2. BIG ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
___________________

3. DEAD ZONES Map of Mississippi River
REMEMBER !
When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input
of limiting nutrient (ie., fertilizer runoff) the
population increases dramatically = ___________
Map of Mississippi River

4. Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone
The DEADZONE forms each April, generally grows
throughout the summer, reaching a peak in late July.

5. Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone
At its peak, the nearly lifeless water can span
5,000 to 8,000-plus square miles, an area almost the size of New Jersey

6. DEAD ZONES How do we HELP?
Use modern technology and
“green” farming methods to:
Prevent erosion
Decrease agricultural fertilizer use
Decrease runoff of agricultural waste

7. OZONE LAYER Our atmosphere between 20-50 km contains
OZONE LAYER
Our atmosphere between
20-50 km contains
high concentrations
of ____________
which protect us from
the sun’s harmful
______________ radiation.

8. EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION
__________________________________
________________________ of skin
Reduces ________________
Disrupts __________________ in oceans
Click here to see a movie
about the effects of UV radiation
WMV, 618K

9. Click here to see a movie
WHAT WE KNOW
Scientists have been
monitoring the ____________
of ozone in our atmosphere
and have discovered
a hole in the ozone layer
over ____________.
Click here to see a movie
about the ozone hole
WMV, 616K

10. The annual ozone "hole“ over Antarctica has
occurred during the Antarctic Spring (October)
since the early 1980s.
Rather than being an actual hole
through the layer, the ozone
hole is a large area
with extremely
low amounts of ozone.
Ozone levels fall by over
60% during the worst years.

11. Ozone depletion is a global issue NOT
just a problem at the South Pole.
Research has shown that ozone depletion
also occurs over North America, Europe,
Asia, and much of Africa, Australia, and
South America.
Over the U.S., ozone levels have fallen 5-10%, depending on the season.

12. What’s the cause of Ozone Depletion?
Chlorofluorocarbon
molecules _______
released from
air conditioners,
aerosol spray cans,
fire extinguishers,
and industry
________________

13. OZONE DEPLETION
HOW DO WE HELP?
1987- the _______________________ committed signing nations (including USA) to a ____________ in the use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances.
CFC production was _________ after 1995 in the developed countries, and later in developing countries. Today, over 180 countries have ratified the treaty.

14. THAT’S WHY . . . _____________spray cans no longer contain
_____________spray cans
no longer contain
CFC propellants.
Gases in ___________________
and _____________ are collected
and recycled.

15. OZONE DEPLETION How do we help?
We can't make enough ozone to replace what's been destroyed, but provided that we stop producing ozone-depleting substances, computer models predict natural ozone production reactions should return the ozone layer to normal levels by about 2050.
This is the first example of different countries
getting together on an environmental issue,
agreeing on what to do, doing something,
and seeing a positive effect

16. Chemical Transformation Emissions to Atmosphere
ACID RAIN
What’s the cause?________________________
Chemical Transformation
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Condensation
Emissions to Atmosphere
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Dry Fallout
Precipitation
Acid rain, fog,
snow, and mist
particulates, gases
Industry
Transportation
Ore smelting
Power generation
Releases _______________ and ________________
into the atmosphere that react with water to produce ACID RAIN.

18. ACID RAIN EFFECTS damages buildings and statues damages forests
kills fish
reduces biodiversity
causes illness & premature death from heart & lung disorders like asthma and bronchitis

19. ACID RAIN
HOW DO WE HELP?
Develop a National energy policy that emphasizes use of alternative renewable energy sources
Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels
~ conserve electricity
~ drive less
Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency
OR run on alternative fuels
Recycle
(uses less energy than starting from scratch)

20. GREENHOUSE EFFECT Temperatures of Earth remain within a range
______________ because the _____________
acts as a natural _________________ blanket.

21. GREENHOUSE EFFECT Atmospheric gases such as ___________________
NORMALLY trap heat
energy from the sun
like a greenhouse
= _____________________

22. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE- Is it real?
Some people say that the Earth has cycles of warmer/cooler climate change and that this is just part of that cycle.
Most scientists believe that the increase in global temperatures is the result of human activities that have increased the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

23. 1. "warming of the climate system is unequivocal“
In 2007 in Paris a U.N.- backed panel of international scientists issued a major announcement on climate change stating that:
1. "warming of the climate system is unequivocal“
2. There is a 90% probability the cause “man- made”.
Either way… our planet is getting warmer!

24. FACTS WE KNOW
Global mean surface temperatures have increased °F since the late 19th century.
14 of the planet's warmest 15 years have all occurred since the year 2000
2014 hottest year on record
Average temperature
worldwide last year 0.9°F above the average and 0.05°F above the
average

25. FACTS WE KNOW
The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased.
Graph & glacier pix: polar bears:

26. FACTS WE KNOW Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have
increased steadily.

27. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE WHAT’S the CAUSE?
Burning solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), wood and wood products
Production and transport of fossil fuels
Decomposition of organic wastes in landfills
Animal sources (methane)
Deforestation (trees remove CO2 from atmosphere)

28. What’s so bad about warming up a little?
We’re freezing here in S.D.!

29. ___________________ What’s so bad about warming up a little?
Cartoon from Brookings Register
___________________

30. Changes in ____________ What’s so bad about warming up a little?
What’s so bad about warming up a little?
Changes in
____________

31. More ___________________
What’s so bad about warming up a little?
More ___________________

32. Weather Extremes What’s so bad about warming up a little?
________________________
Brookings Register

33. Changing habitats means ________________
What’s so bad about warming up a little?
Changing habitats
means
________________

34. _________________OF OCEANS
What’s so bad a little more CO2?
_________________OF OCEANS
Affects coral reefs and shelled sea animals

35. What’s the Kyoto Accord?
International agreement signed in 1997
Aimed at reducing global warming
Participants asked to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a percentage below 1990 emission levels
Set binding targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for countries to reach by 2012
37 industrialized countries which make almost 65% of greenhouse gases (GHG) were to decrease to ~ 5% less than 1990 levels (US target = 7%)

36. KYOTO is “OLD NEWS”!
The ________________ is the only major industrial country that did NOT signed the Kyoto Accord.
Standards set by Kyoto expired in 2012
Countries have been meeting since 2009 to decide what will happen next

37. WHAT NEXT? NEW CLIMATE AGREEMENT
More than 130 countries (including US and China) signed the landmark agreement to tackle climate change at a ceremony at UN headquarters on April 22, 2016 (Earth Day!)
US pledged a 26-28% cut by 2025 compared with 2005 levels.
It sets a collective goal of keeping global warming below 2° C compared to pre-industrial times, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5C.
It requires all countries to submit plans for climate action and to update them every five years, though such plans are not legally binding.

38. Clean Power Plan
Clean Power Plan sets achievable standards to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030 and giving states flexibility of how they will meet these goals . Feb 2016 Supreme Court moved to temporarily block implementing the plan to limit greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. Federal court will decide lawsuit in June 2016

39. What is a CARBON FOOTPRINT?
What is a CARBON FOOTPRINT?
A ____________________ =
the total set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product

40. The US is no longer the #1 CO2 emitter
but we contribute to the problem.

41. Even if you don’t “believe” in global warming . . .
Even if you don’t “believe” in global warming . . .
Even if countries can’t agree on emission levels …
we should still work to reduce our emissions of global warming gases BECAUSE . . .

42. THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway!
THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway!
Fossil fuels are a limited resource…
eventually they will be gone!

43. THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway!
Our supply of fossil fuels is dependent on
countries that are not “friendly” to the U.S.

44. THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway!
THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway!
Drilling for and transporting fossil fuels has negative environmental consequences

45. THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway!
Innovation and alternative energy technologies for automobiles and power generation are good for our economy

46. THINK ABOUT IT
Scientists are RIGHT about man-made Climate change
Scientists are WRONG about man-made Climate change
WE KEEP DOING WHAT WE ARE DOING- NOTHING!
Environmental Disaster Consequences too awful to think about
Still have other problems
associated with fossil fuel use: pollution/acid rain/
dependence on our enemies
WE WORK TO GET OFF FOSSIL FUELS
CHANGES HELP TURN THINGS
AROUND + solve
other fossil fuel
problems
Solves other problems
associated with
fossil fuel use

47. http://www. climateactionreserve

48. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HOW DO WE HELP? Watch your own carbon footprint
Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels
Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency
OR run on alternative fuels
Cut down on CO2 emissions
(with or without the Kyoto accord)
Recycle
(uses less energy than starting from scratch)
Reduce deforestation (plants use CO2)

49. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HOW DO WE HELP? Power of one video
Vote for leaders that support environmental issues
Write to your representatives and tell them what you think
Develop a National Energy Policy that emphasizes alternative energy and conservation
Support funding for research on environmental issues and alternative energy production
Encourage innovation and creation of new ideas, technology, and solutions to environmental problems
Power of one video

50. WHAT DO WE DO WITH OUR TRASH?
According to the
Environmental Protection Agency,
the average American produces
about 4.4 pounds of garbage a day.
That adds up to a approximately
220 million tons of garbage each
year for all of us.
This only takes into consideration
the average household member
and does not count industrial waste
or commercial trash.

51. PICTURE THIS:
It would bury more than 990,000 football fields under six-foot high piles of waste..
. . . and that’s just the United States!

52. TRASH KILLS It has been estimated that over
a million sea-birds and 100,000
marine mammals and sea turtles
are killed each year by ingestion
of plastics or entanglement.

53. PLASTIC IS FOREVER! PLASTIC IS MADE FROM FOSSIL FUELS!
PLASTIC IS FOREVER!

54. PACIFIC OCEAN GARBAGE GYRE
PACIFIC OCEAN GARBAGE GYRE
Covers an area twice the size of TEXAS
Estimated to contain over 100 million tons of debris
Two linked areas on either side Hawaiian islands
Western and Eastern Pacific Garbage Patches

55. Why is the world's biggest landfill in the Pacific Ocean?
See a video about the garbage gyre

56. We Can’t Just Keep Piling it up in Landfills
Recycling milk jugs into fence posts
Recycling plastic into clothing
We have to REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE

57. WE NEED TO START CONSIDERING THE EFFECTS ON OUR PLANET WHEN WE MAKE DECISIONS!
We are all connected

58. WE CAN’T COUNT ON OUR LEADERS to FIX THIS

59.
Our President is ONLY world leader who does NOT accept climate science as REAL!

60. Our Congress doesn’t accept the science
114th Congress Jan 2015

61.
SCOTT PRUITT

62. IT’S UP TO YOU, ME . . . ALL OF US! BUT YOUR GENERATION IS THE KEY

63. QUOTES This we know... the earth does not belong to man,
man belongs to earth. All things are connected,
like the blood which connects one family.
Whatever befalls the earth befalls the children of
the earth. Man did not weave the web of life –
he is merely a strand in it.  Whatever he does to
the web, he does to himself.
~ Chief Seattle, 1854

64. If you want to see an endangered species, get up and look in the mirror. ~  John Young, former Apollo astronaut
A true conservationist is a man who knows that the world is not given by his fathers, but borrowed from his children. ~ John James Audubon,
It's not easy being green. ~  Kermit the Frog
Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot, Nothing is going to get better. It's not ~ Dr. Seuss, The Lorax VIDEO