1. Act 3 Scene 2
Analysis of Speeches

2. Quick Activity – Writing Prompt
Scenario A
You arrive home 20 minutes after your curfew and your parent or guardian has decided to ground you for a week as punishment. In your exercise books, try to persuade your parent or guardian to change his or her mind by using one of three types of arguments explained below.
Argument 1: Appeal to your parent or guardian by showing that you are trustworthy and that you care deeply about the situation and its effect on him or her. You should use “I.”
Argument 2: Appeal to your parent or guardian by telling a story with lots of details to create pity for yourself and your situation. You can use “I,” though you may refer to other people as well.
Argument 3: Appeal to your parent or guardian by being rational and by giving statistics and commonly held beliefs. Refer to experts and facts

3. Appeals – Rhetorical Arguments: Review
Types of Appeals - Sketch a symbol to represent each of these types of persuasive appeals.
Logos (Logical):
This type of appeal uses inductive or deductive reasoning by citing statistics, facts, experts, and evidence. When using this type of argument, you offer your audience examples that are similar to this subject and convince them to draw the conclusion you want. What did you use in the scenario for Argument 3?
Ethos (Ethical):
This type of argument requires that you establish yourself as trustworthy and respectful of the audience. You do this by demonstrating that you have taken the time to research your topic, which establishes your credibility on the subject. What did you use in the scenario for Argument 1?
Pathos (Emotional):
This is when you appeal to the emotions of your audience by describing in detail the emotional effect of a particular situation. You should try to arouse a sense of pity, anger, fear, or other emotion in your audience. What did you use in the scenario for Argument 2?

4. Brutus’ Speech (p )
Outside, assembled Plebeians demand an explanation for Caesar's death. Cassius leads half of them away while Brutus stays to address the others.
Brutus explains: he loved and honored Caesar, but loved Rome more, and killed Caesar rather than let every Roman become a slave.
His argument rests on two points:
that Caesar was ambitious,
that he would have made slaves of all Romans.
The people are persuaded by his rhetoric and proclaim Brutus a hero. One even cries "Let him be Caesar"
He speaks as though these are facts…. Although in reality, the conspirators didn’t really know this to be true when they killed Caesar
This is interesting – because the conspirators killed Caesar allegedly because he wanted to be king… and yet a plebeian suggests they want a king

5. Positioning the audience? (Elaborate)
Answers - examples
How did Brutus use language to move the masses?
Rhetorical Argument
Line (Example)
Positioning the audience? (Elaborate)
Pathos
“Not that I loved
Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more” (line 22-23)
When Brutus says this, it makes the audience feel patriotism and that Brutus puts his loyalty for his country above his friendship.
Ethos
“Believe me for mine honor” (line 14-15)
By saying this, Brutus is saying that the people should listen to him and believe him because of his reputation as an honorable person
Logos
“Had you
rather Caesar were living and die all slaves?” (line 23-24)
Brutus says this to give proof to the audience that he was right to kill Caesar. If Caesar had lived, he would have enslaved every Roman citizen by taking over power and becoming a dictator

6. Language Devices in Brutus’ Speech
How are these used to persuade the audience using either appeals to logos, ethos or pathos?
Antithesis: juxtaposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction. Anthony:
‘Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more’.
2) Parallelism: repeated grammatical structures. Brutus addressing the crowd, explaining why he slew Caesar:
‘As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him: but, as he was ambitious, I slew him’.

7. Language Devices Continued…
3) Rhetorical Question: a question requiring no answer because the answer seems obvious. Brutus explaining to the mob why he killed Caesar: ‘Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all free men?’
4) Example:
‘Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended.’
Can you name the rhetorical device in this section of Brutus’ speech?
Anaphora: the same groups of words “who is here” and “if any speak, for him I have offended” are repeated at the beginnings of successive clauses.

8. Enter – Antony! (p. 154)
Antony has entered with Caesar's body in a coffin. Brutus departs, turning the pulpit over to Antony.
The crowd denounces Caesar and continues to laud Brutus.
It's incredibly foolish of Brutus to leave now—he's seen how easily the people's minds can be changed.

9. Antony Says: (p )
This is actually the opposite of what he plans to do.
He has "come to bury Caesar, not to praise him".
That the conspirators who claimed Caesar was ambitious are all honourable men.
But then, he gives examples of Caesar acting in non-ambitious ways.
(Ambiguity in his thoughts / feelings / attitude towards Caesar’s death)
Antony pauses to weep
The crowd begins to say that Caesar was murdered unjustly.
This creates irony (the literal meaning is opposite to the speaker’s intended meaning) because his examples show the conspirators to be the opposite of honourable.
Dramatic ploy to win over the crowd – an emotive, persuasive technique (pathos) to sway the people to feel sympathy for what Caesar: Antony looks good! The conspirators look bad!

10. Review: What main appeals has Antony made so far?
Pathos?
Ethos?
Logos?
Cunning -

11. Antony regains his composure (p. 158-162)
He says he has no intention of wronging the honorable Brutus and Cassius, or inciting the mob to riot.
He mentions that he's found Caesar's will, which would make the people venerate Caesar if they knew its contents, but that he dare not read it.
The Plebeians clamor to hear it.
Antony descends to stand over Caesar's coffin.
A riot is exactly what Antony does want to incite
Antony skillfully makes out that he accidentally mentions Caesar’s will – he downplays his ability to speak – he’s quite cunning here.

12. Antony describes Caesar's murder in graphic terms (p. 162-166)
This is another dramatic ploy or tactic… which is successful! The crowd are whipped into a frenzy and want to kill the conspirators!
He uncovers Caesar's body.
The crowd is ready to hunt down and kill the conspirators
But Antony bids them stay.
He maintains that he does not wish to incite them to violence
And that he is not as well-spoken as Brutus.
Again, Antony plays the innocent role – he makes out he’s against violence.
He downplays his skill at speaking again – compares himself to Brutus (Caesar’s murderer) … thus persuading the crowd more to agree with him.

13. Antony finally reads Caesar's will (p. 168-170)
It promises a sum of money to every citizen
And announces the conversion of Caesar's property into public parks.
The crowd leaves in a frenzy, intending to kill the conspirators and burn their homes.
A servant of Octavius enters to say that Octavius has arrived in Rome, and is waiting for Antony with Lepidus at Caesar's house.
He adds that Brutus and Cassius have fled Rome.
Caesar’s will proves that he actually did love Rome, contrary to the conspirators’ claims.

14. Persuasive Techniques Review
Ethos
Pathos
Logos
Allusion
Verbal Irony
Loaded Words
Repetition
Antithesis
Parallelism
Rhetorical Question
Euphemism
Hyperbole
Imagery – Simile, Metaphor

15. Positioning the audience? (Elaborate)
Answers - examples
How did Mark Antony use language to move the masses?
Rhetorical Argument
Line (Example)
Positioning the audience? (Elaborate)
Logos
“He hath brought many captives home to Rome Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill” (line 94-95).
“When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff” (line 96-97)
“I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?” (line )
“'Tis good you know not that you are his heirs” (line 152)
Brutus said Caesar was ambitious and that was why he had to die. In his speech Antony gives several logical arguments and proof that Caesar was not ambitious.
Caesar was a war hero who brought back captives for ransom that benefitted Rome
Caesar cried for the poor (also Pathos)
Caesar refused the crown 3 times
Caesar wrote a will that left money and land to the common people of Rome
These actions proved that Caesar was not ambitious and also that the conspirators were not noble in killing him

16. Positioning the audience? (Elaborate)
Answers - examples
How did Mark Antony use language to move the masses?
Rhetorical Argument
Line (Example)
Positioning the audience? (Elaborate)
Ethos
“Friends, Romans and countrymen…” (line 79)
“And Brutus is an honourable man” (line 93).
By starting his speech this way, he shows that he is “one of them” (common person)
The constant referral/repetition of Brutus as an “honorable man” is used to challenge his character

17. Positioning the audience? (Elaborate)
Answers - examples
How did Mark Antony use language to move the masses?
Rhetorical Argument
Line (Example)
Positioning the audience? (Elaborate)
Pathos
“He was my friend, faithful and just to me” (line 91)
… Moreover, he hath left you all his walks, His private arbours and new-planted orchards, On this side Tiber; he hath left them you, And to your heirs for ever, common pleasures, To walk abroad, and recreate yourselves. Here was a Caesar! when comes such another?” (line )
“Our Caesar's vesture wounded? Look you here, Here is himself, marr'd, as you see, with traitors” (line )
Caesar was my friend, faithful and just to me. This makes the audience feel sympathy for Antony
2. By reading Caesar’s will to the people saying that Caesar has given money and land to every person, Antony makes the audience feel guilty
When Antony shows the people Caesar’s wounds (stab marks) and says “this wound was made by Casca, this one by Brutus, etc.) he makes the audience feel pity for Ceasar and anger towards the conspirators