1. Islam and the Arab Empire
Chapter Nine
Islam and the Arab Empire

2. Lesson One
The First Muslims

3. The Middle East

4. The Modern Middle East

5. World Religions Today

6. Muslims in the U.S. Today

7. I. The Arabs
A) organized into tribes to help one another; ruled by a sheikh
B) lived as farmers and sheepherders on the Arabian Peninsula

8. Arabian Peninsula

9. The Arabs
1. towns developed along the trade routes b/w the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean

10. The Arabs
C) Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham who were believed to have built at Mecca the Kaaba, a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred stone, called the ‘Black Stone’

11. Abraham casts out Hagar and Ishmael
“Father Abraham”
Abraham casts out Hagar and Ishmael

12. The Kaaba

13. II. Life & Teachings of Muhammad
A) Muhammad was a caravan manager who was troubled by the gap b/w rich and poor

14. Muhammad
1. Muhammad meditated and received revelations from God (Allah); message was given by the angel Gabriel

15. Qu’ran
2. from these revelations, the Qu’ran is written, the holy book of Islam

16. Qu’Ran

17. Muhammad
B) Muhammad and his supporters moved from Mecca to Medina in hopes of gathering strength and more converts

18. Muhammad Moves to Medina

19. Muhammad
very successful in Medina; Muhammad grew into a religious and political leader
Muhammad also built an army to defend the Muslims; returned and attacked Mecca in 630

20. Muhammad Delivers His Final Sermon

21. Muhammad
C) Muhammad is not considered divine, like Jesus, but a prophet and a man like other men; but one who received the direct words and wishes of Allah

22. D) Five Pillars of Islam:
“There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.”
Pray five times a day, facing Mecca

23. Five Pillars of Islam
3. Giving alms to the poor

24. Five Pillars of Islam
4. Refraining from food and drink from sunrise to sunset through the holy month of Ramadan

25. Five Pillars of Islam
5. Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life (hajj)

26. The Hajj

27. The Hajj

28. Five Pillars of Faith

29. Shari’ah
E) the shari’ah – a law code produced by Muslim scholars to regulate the lives of Muslims

30. Shari’ah regulates business practice, gov’t, moral code
does not separate religious matters from civil or political law

31. The Arab Empire And the Caliphates
Lesson Two
The Arab Empire
And the Caliphates

32. I. Creation of an Arab Empire
A) Abu Bakr is chosen as the successor to Muhammad (caliph) for Muslims
Abu Bakr

33. Jihad the Qu’ran permitted jihad – “struggle in the way of God”
Islamic Empire expands throughout North Africa, Persia, and Byzantium

34. Expansion of Islam

35. The Umayyads
B) the Umayyads – conquered and converted the Berbers in North Africa, and together attacked Spain; by 725, most of Spain was Muslim

36. The Umayyads

37. Who is Heir to the Throne?
C) in-fighting still occurred over who was the rightful heir to the Muslim throne; a split occurs w/in the faith:

38. Who is Heir to the Throne?
Shia– Muslims accept only the descendants of Muhammad as the true rulers of Islam
Sunni – Muslims who did not agree w/ Umayyad but who accepted them as rulers; majority in the Muslim world

39. Modern Day Sunni/Shia Split

40. Abbasid Dynasty
D) in 750, Abu Al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and set up the Abbasid dynasty, which lasted until 1258
Abu al-Abbas

41. The Abbasids
1. the Abbasids built a new capital at Baghdad

42. The Abbasids
this new location was ideal to take advantage of trade routes b/w East and West
Abbasids unable to keep the empire united; by 973, the Muslims were splintered politically

43. II. The Seljuk Turks
A) the Turks were hired mercenaries for the Muslims who eventually took over the Abbasid Empire

44. Seljuk Turks

45. Seljuk Turks
1. in 1055, a Turkish leader captured Baghdad and took command of the empire and adopted the title sultan

46. Seljuk Turks
2. as the new Turkish Empire expanded north, the Byzantine Empire appeals to western Europe for help against the Turks

47. Lesson Three
Islamic Civilization

48. I. Islamic Society
A) although Allah stressed equality for all peoples, the Islamic social structure did treat people differently:

49. Islamic Society
well-defined upper class of gov’t officials, nomadic elite, and wealthy merchants
slaves were imported from Africa and Asia

50. Islamic Women
3. women were often secluded in their homes and kept from social contact w/ men outside their own families

51. Islamic Women
B) Muslim men could have more than one wife, but no more than four
1. it was not common for men to have multiple wives, b/c each wife required a dowry

52. II. Islamic Science, Art, and Architecture
Muslim mathematicians and scientists among the leaders of the ancient world
1. adopted the use of the ‘zero’; Europeans follow and adopt this ‘Arabic’ system

53. Islamic Science
2. the astrolabe first developed for navigational purposes in the Islamic world

54. Islamic Art & Architecture
B) the best expression of Islamic art is found in the Muslim mosques

55. Minarets and Muezzins
1. Samara mosque the most famous; the minaret and muezzin

56. Minarets

57. Minarets

58. Muezzins

59. Arabesques
Arabesques – decorations repeated over and over in geometric patterns w/in Islamic mosques and palaces
Muslims do not attempt to imitate God by re-creating pictures of living things

60. Arabesques

61. Mosque Interior

62. Mosque Interior

63. Mosque Interior