1. Islamic Civilization “Allah Akbar, Allah Akbar, La Allah Il,
La Allah Il Allah U Mohammed Rassul Allah”
Islamic Civilization

2. The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of
the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith.
Origins of Islam
WHO? The Prophet (Muhammad)
WHERE? Mecca & Medina (early Muslim cities)
on the Arabian Peninsula
HOW? Ideas and travel related to the Kaaba

3. Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam
Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinct Muslim culture.
Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam
Allah – Arabic word for “God”
Qur'an (Koran) – Arabic for “word of God” / holy book
Accepts Judeo-Christian prophets like Moses & Jesus
Five Pillars of Islam

4. Five Pillars of Islam Creed (Shahada) statement of faith
Prayer (Salat) 5 times/day; facing Mecca
Alms/charity (Zakat) giving to the poor
Fasting (Sawm) abstaining from food/drink
Pilgrimage (Hajj) holy trip to Mecca

8. Title 2) Image 3)Name of Pillars
4) Description of Pillars 5) Neat, Colorful, Accurate 

11. Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam

13. Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam
Spread along trade routes from Mecca and Medina (diffusion)
Expanded despite great distances:
Crossed deserts and mountains
Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, and
Central Asia, facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires

15. Influence of geography on economic, political, and social development
Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived
Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands
Arabic language also stimulated intellectual activity
Slavery not based on race
When Muhammad died in 632, the Muslim community he led faced a crisis…they believed they had a duty to carry “the word” to the world…lacked a clear way to choose a new leader. The issue of leadership would eventually divide the Muslim world.
Qur’an is written in Arabic and Muslims consider only the Arabic version to be the true word of God/Arabic can only be used in worship/wherever Muslims carried the Qur’an, Arabic became the language of worshippers and scholars/thus Arabic language spread widely

17. Timeline 632: Muhammad died 632 – 661: “Rightly Guided” Caliphs
Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali
661: Umayyads come to power
Hereditary system of succession
Moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus
Surrounded themselves with wealth & ceremony
Muslim empire expands greatly (Egypt & Syria were taken from the Byzantine Empire…also conquered parts of Persia)
The assassinations of Uthman and Ali lead to problems within the Islamic community (civil wars/conflicts).
Umayyads (like other non-Muslim rulers)
Abu Bakr – Muhammad’s close friend, chosen to be the first caliph (means “successor”)
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali had all known Muhammad and supported his mission
By the time of Bakr’s death, Muslims controlled all of Arabia
Umar conquered Syria and lower Egypt (part of Byzantine Empire) and part of Persian Empire
Uthman and Ali continued expansion eastward and westward
Many conquered people chose to accept Islam/Muslims did allow some to accept their own religion (Qur’an forbids forced conversion) but had to pay a tax/
Civil War led to Ali’s assassination/family called the Umayyads came to power/moved capital to Damascus and changed practices somewhat/

18. Sects of Islam The Sunni and Shi’a (Shiites)
(accepted the rule of the Umayyads)
Approximately 90% of Muslims
Believed successors to Muhammad should be chosen by the community
Do not believe in intermediary (middle-man) between Allah and people

19. Sects of Islam The Sunni and Shi’a (Shiites)
(followed the example of Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law)
Approximately 10% of Muslims
Think Muhammad’s successor should be his relatives
Believed in an intermediary called an Imam
Those with religious authority should rule government too

20. Major historical turning points
in the spread of Islam
Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization.
Death of Ali: Sunni vs. Shi’a division
Muslim conquest of Jerusalem & Damascus during the Crusades
Muslims defeated at the Battle of Tours (France in 732 A.D.)
Islamic capital moved to Baghdad (762 A.D.)
Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols

21. Spread of Islam

22. Islamic cultural contributions and achievements
Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization.
Architecture: Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem)
Mosaics
Arabic alphabet
- Translation of ancient texts into Arabic
Universities (ex: House of Wisdom in Baghdad)
Literature: A Thousand and One Nights
Dome of the Rock: earliest surviving Islamic monument; completed in 691; the rock on the site is the spot from which Muslims say Muhammad ascended into heaven to learn of Allah’s will; Jews identify the same rock as the site where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac; dome is wooden and about 60 feet in diameter; supporting structure includes mosaic designs, columns, and many windows
Mosaics: forbade the depiction of living beings based on the idea that only Allah can create life (considered idolatry)
Alphabet: calligraphy; translated the works of Greek philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, doctors, etc. into Arabic; expanded on previous ideas
Universities: stressed education/learning; built places of learning throughout the Muslim Empire (Baghdad, Timbuktu)
A Thousand and One Nights: a collection of stories tied together using a frame story…King Shahryar marries a new wife each day and has her killed the next….Scheherezade marries the king and tells him fascinating stories for 1001 nights…until he realizes he loves her
“The sprawling, untidy collection of stories known throughout the Arab-speaking world as theThousand and One Nights (and in English long called The Arabian Nights) evolved over a long period of time, and it is impossible to say just when a particular story was written. Because the collection reached its more or less definitive form in the 16th century we have chosen to place this example here. Such tales of magic as "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp" and "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" are actually quite unrepresentative of the bulk of the Nights. Most are decidedly adult tales of scandal and treachery, often involving faithless women.”

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26. Islamic scientific contributions and achievements
Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization.
Arabic numerals (adapted from India), includes 0
Algebra
Medicine
Al Jabr: believed mathematics was the basis of all knowledge; Al-Khwarizmi was born in Baghdad in the late 700s; studied Indian rather than Greek sources; wrote a textbook in the late 800s explaining “the art of bringing together unknowns to match a known quantity”
Al-Razi was the greatest physician of the Muslim world; wrote encyclopedia called the “Comprehensive Book” that drew on knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic, and Indian sources; also studied Smallpox and measles; believed breathing clean air would help patients recover more quickly

27. Islamic scientific contributions and achievements
Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization.
Expansion of geographic knowledge = maps
Astrolabe: an astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars and for the solution of other problems in astronomy and navigation: used by Greek astronomers from about 200 b.c. and by Arab astronomers from the Middle Ages until superseded by the sextant.

28. 123456789 0 Dome of the Rock Kaaba in Mecca Mosaic Medicine
Arabic numerals
Medicine
Universities
Arabian desert