1. Questions that you had…organized the best that I could
AP Review – Chapters 4-7
Questions that you had…organized the best that I could

2. Diffusion Expansionary Diffusion – Snowball effect
Hierarchical – spreading from “nodes of power” (from the top down)
Fashion show puts new idea, adopted in big cities first, spreads to smaller communities
Contagious – Widespread fast diffusion through the population (like the flu)
Think of the blue/black or white/gold dress controversy

3. Diffusion Continued Expansionary Diffusion – Snowball effect
Stimulus Diffusion – The spread of an underlying principle, even if the main idea is rejected
The growth of the smart phone/tablet from the iPhone/iPad
Relocation Diffusion – Spread the effect by movement of people
Think the spread of AIDS or the prevalence of the Euro

4. Languages
Language family
Language branch
Language group
Language

5. Language
Trade Language: a language that is used by non-native speakers to communicate for trade purposes (English is a great example today)
Evolution of Language
If you start with a language, you can split that language into several dialects (regional differences in the language)
The lines that demark the boundary of one dialect and another are called isoglosses

6. Language Evolution (continued)
If you have two different languages that come into contact you can get a simple language that the two different speakers speak to each other…this is a pidgin language (only spoken0)
If that pidgin language is allowed time to develop further and evolve into a language all its own (with pieces of the two original languages) it becomes a Creole language (must be primary language of some

7. Religion

8. Islam Universalizing religion (2nd most followers in world)
Started by the prophet Mohammed
Same God (of Abraham) as Jews and Christians
Monotheistic – just the ONE god
Holiest city: Mecca
Home of the Kaaba (places Muslims face while praying 5 times a day)
Mohammed was from Mecca
Site Muslims go for their Hadj (holy pilgrimage all Muslims are supposed to make at least once in their lives)
Medina (city Mohammed fled to when forced to live Mecca – early in his life)
Jerusalem – place Mohammed was said to ascend into heaven
Split into Sunnis (more common – follows examples of Mohammed) and Shiites (in Iran and Iraq – follows descents of Mohammed)
Theocracy – government based on religious rules/laws (like in Iran)
Minaret – used to call Muslims to prayer

9. Buddihism Universalizing Religion (3rd largest)
Proselytic religion is another term for Universalizing Religion
Most practiced in China/East Asia
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
3 main branches – Mahayana, Theravada, Tantrayana
Can be a Buddhist and still follow other religions too
Holy places are usually shrines dedicated to places Buddha traveled to, or places that contain something of Buddha’s

10. Judaism Ethnic religion (Israel) One god (monotheistic)
Story of Diaspora – spread around the globe (Israel not founded in modern world until after WWII)
Original ghetto dwellers (literally meant the Jewish part of town…sometimes walled and even locked to keep Jews in their place)

11. Hinduism Ethnic religion (India)
Different Hindus practice religion differently
Many gods (polytheistic)
People can choose which gods to worship, and how to do it

12. Ethnicity Ethnic enclave Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic neighborhood – a place with a high concentration of people from one minority/immigrant group
Ethnic cleansing
Attempting to rid an area of people from one ethnic background, often by killing people
Examples include the Holocaust, the Bosnian genocide, Rwanda (the Hutus attacking the Tutsis)
Often done for political gain/control

13. Gender Issues Enfranchisement Gender Gap The right to vote
African Americans were enfranchised after the Civil War (13th, 14th, 15th amendments)
Women were enfranchised in 1919 (21st Amendment)
Gender Gap
The gap between men and women in terms of political power, earning potential, literacy rates, etc.
Closing in most of the world, but not completely gone anywhere
Still wide in Middle East (Islam rules in some nations)