1. 12.3 Assessment
Answers

2. What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis
What does it have to do with protein synthesis?
DNA is the guide for making proteins

3. 2. What is produced in transcription and translation
2. What is produced in transcription and translation? In transcription, mRNA In translation, proteins

4. 3. Since RNA is important in transcription and translation, describe what it is made of?
single stranded
alternating phosphates and the sugar ribose
uses the base uracil in place of thymine

5. 4. Describe the three types of RNA
4. Describe the three types of RNA. Include shape, location, any movement of the RNA, and which process transcription /translation it is involved in. mRNA- made in nucleus in transcription and then leaves to go to the cytoplasm rRNA – in cytoplasm, made of two units that come together during translation to interpret mRNA code tRNA – in cytoplasm, looks like a cloverleaf, carries anticodon and amino acid used in translation

6. 5. In transcription, what enzyme is used to make the new strand of mRNA? RNA polymerase What happens to the new mRNA after it is produced? Leaves the nucleus and goes to cytoplasm

7. 6. Is mRNA made from both sides or one side of the DNA?
Only one side
7. How many amino acid are there?
Only 20
How are proteins made?
Combining amino acids to each other in a long chain

8. 8. What is the definition of the genetic code
8. What is the definition of the genetic code? The language of mRNA How many letters are read at a time on the mRNA? 3

9. 9. What is a codon? Where is it found?
three letter word in mRNA
List the start and stop codons.
Start-AUG
Stop - UAA, UGA, or UAG

10. 11. Describe the function of tRNA
11. Describe the function of tRNA. Interprets the language of mRNA and brings amino acids to make proteins What are the two things that are located on tRNA? Anticodons and amino acids

11. 12. What is the anticodon complementary to on the mRNA. The codon 13
12. What is the anticodon complementary to on the mRNA? The codon 13. What happens to the amino acids that the tRNA brings to the mRNA? They bond to each other to make proteins

12. 14. What happens to mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and the protein when a stop codon is reached on the mRNA? Since there is no tRNA complement to these codons, The rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA disassembles and the protein chain is released. Protein synthesis is ended.

13. 15. Using the chart in the textbook, what amino acid is coded by the codon AUG? Methionine 16. Write the sequence of mRNA codons for the following amino acid chain: start-serine-histidine-tryptophan-stop. AUG-UCU(UCC, UCA, UCG)-CAU(CAC)-UGG-UAA(UAG, UGA)

14. 17. Indicate where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Eukaryote – transcription in nucleus, translation in cytoplasm Prokaryote – transcription and translation in cytoplasm

15. 18. Describe how DNA accounts for the similarities among all human beings? Similar sequences of DNA make up genes 19. What accounts for the differences between individuals? Unique sequences of DNA that make up genes

16. 20. Suppose you are going to build a car at an automobile factory
20. Suppose you are going to build a car at an automobile factory. You would need to make blue prints first to indicate the design of the car. Comparing the building of proteins to that of a car, use the words cytoplasm DNA (genetic code), mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, protein and ribosome to fill in the answers to the analogy below: Automobile Factory Protein Synthesis Engineers/blueprints a. Workers (who) b. Supplier (who) c. Factory floor (where) d. Assembly line (where) e. Car (what) f.
DNA
mRNA, rRNA
tRNA
cytoplasm
ribosome
protein