1. Protein Folding

2. Protein Background
Amino acids are monomers that bond together through peptide bonds to form polypeptides used to build proteins
The order of amino acids depends on the sequence of bases in the organism’s DNA
Genes code for specific proteins to be built
Proteins perform work for the cell

3. Protein Background cont.
Some of the things proteins do:
Enzymes that speed up reactions
Pigments
Building blocks of hair, nails, horns, muscle tissue
Immune defense in the form of antibodies

4. Amino Acid Structure
When amino acids bond together the resulting polypeptide chain has an N Terminus and C terminus at either end
The R side chains have different chemical structures depending on the amino acid
The structure of the R side chain determines how the amino acid will interact with other amino acids and the environment

5. Amino Acid Properties
Hydrophobic = Avoids water, will be tucked into the 3D protein structure
Hydrophilic = wants to be near water, will be on the outside of the 3D protein structure
Basic = neutralizes acidic amino acids by bonding with them
Acidic = neutralizes basic amino acids by bonding with them
Other
Isoleucine, Leucine, Alanine, Valine, Glycine, Proline, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine
Glutamine, Serine, Methionine, Asparagine, Threonine, Tyrosine
Histidine, Arginine, Lysine
Aspartic Acid (Aspartate), Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)
Cysteine = contains sulfur in its side chain causing it to form stabilizing disulfide bridges with other cysteine molecules

7. 1° , 2° , 3° , 4° Structures
Primary Structure = the order of amino acids in the polypeptide
Secondary Structure = the amino acid chain will interacts with itself to form alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary Structure = the amino acid chain further interacts with itself to form a 3 dimensional globular shape
Quaternary Structure = the polypeptide globs bond together to form an even larger 3D shape

9. Form = Function
The shape of the protein will determine its function

10. Form = Function cont.
If you alter the shape of the protein (due to a mutation in the DNA sequence coding for that protein’s formation) you potentially affect it’s ability to function

11. Types of Mutations DELETION (a base is lost/deleted)
INSERTION (an extra base is added/inserted)
Deletion & insertion may cause what’s called a FRAMESHIFT mutation, meaning the reading “frame" changes, thus changing the amino acid sequence from this point forward
POINT MUTATION/SUBSTITUTION (one base is substituted for another)
If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a MISSENSE mutation
If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a SILENT mutation
If a substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop” codon it’s called a NONSENSE mutation