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“X10 Works”… An X10 Powerline Carrier (PLC) Study Course Designed to Simplify and Define Home Automation Systems Utilizing X10 Platform Communications After this last automatic slide, you must left click the screen or right arrow your keyboard to move to the next slide ______

X10 products are utilized for Lighting and Appliance control using the existing AC power lines in a structure to transmit and receive command signals. Power line communications makes installation quick and easy without having to pull more wires. We offer Automation Devices that Plug-in, Screw-in and Wire-in allowing your installation to be custom fit to specific needs. X10 products add lifestyle enhancements to the end user as well as increased profits for the installer. This course is designed to encompass the basics of Controllers and Receivers offered in the X10 PRO product line and the X10 Communications protocol as well as Testing and Troubleshooting ______

I. Basic Transmission Theory
The X10 Communications Protocol is an RF signal burst representing binary digital coding that is superimposed on the 240VAC power lines of the structure The Signal is injected just after the Zero Crossing Point of the 50Hz sign wave at a carrier frequency of 120Khz Signal is carried throughout the structure to X10 Receivers attached to loads via the 240VAC power line ______

II. Controllers Keeping in mind that a Controller transmits one of 256 possible X10 addresses as selected from the rotating Code Wheels found on each Module A-P and 1-16 The six basic X10 commands sent are: • ON • OFF • Bright • Dim • All Lights ON • All Units OFF ______

IIa. Controllers ______
The vast assortment of X10 Controllers permits control via Plug-in, Wire-in and RF Wireless Remotes. Plug-in Desk-top manual or timed controllers Telephone controller RF Interface to plug-in Transceiver Wire-in Wall box manual, timed or motion controller Low-voltage/Contact closure from OEM products ______

IIb. Controllers-Manual
The basic X10 Controllers simply plugs in and rests on a convenient desk top ready for manual control from the closest user (the following are only a few selections from all of the possible X10 Controllers) IRF7243 Mini-Controller, IRF7243 gives you direct access to Units 1-4 or 5-8 in a single Letter Code (A-P) All 6 commands are possible Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Controllers ______

IIc. Controllers-Telephone
Telephone Controller, SC2800 features the ability to operate with or without a telephone answering machine on premise to answer the line and allow up to ten X10 Units to be commanded ON/OFF within a single Letter Code. Security code protected and has the ability to flash a single X10 address when ringing. ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Controllers

IId. Controllers-Timed
Mini-Timer, MT10E offers the convenience of a desk top controller and an automatic function of a plug in desk top timer. Capable of 2 ONs and 2 OFFs for up to four X10 Units every 24 hours within a Letter Code (1-4 or 5-8). Also has a built in Alarm buzzer to wake you up and turn on a light. Security feature to confuse burglars by slight randomization of ON/OFF times. MT10E Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Controllers ______

IIe. Controllers-RF Remote
All X10 RF Controllers require an RF transceiver to Interface valid X10 RF commands onto the AC power line. The two individual Modules that work together to create the Handheld RF Control Kit. The Handheld RF Remote – HR10E gives you the ability to directly control all 16 Units with in the set Letter Code. Features: ON/OFF and Brighten/Dim Slide switch to individually control 1-8 or 9-16 The Base Transceiver – TM13 has a built-in Appliance Module that can be controlled by Number Code 1 or 9. Capable of interfacing all 16 Number Codes from the any X10 RF Remote. HR10E TM13 ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Controllers

IIf. Controllers-RF Remote
Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Controllers IIf. Controllers-RF Remote All of the optional RF Remotes are capable of controlling X10 Receivers. The variations in Controllers is wide to allow you to customize each each installation demanding specific control needs. All programmable. Note: One RF Base Transceiver (TM13) may be used to Interface all RF Remote commands to the AC power line Two-Unit Keychain Remote - KR21E Programmable to any two sequential X10 ON/OFF commands, plus Bright/DIm Occupancy Sensor – MS13E2 detects motion and sends an X10 ON command, plus has ability to detect Dusk/Dawn for additional ON/OFF. KR21E MS13E2 Universal Remote – UR24E TV style LEARNING remote for control of most all A/V equipment and X10 Control SS13E Wall Transmitter - PHW04D-G controls up to three sequentially numbered X10 Commands plus Bright/Dim ______ UR24E

III. Electrical Load Types
Now that you have selected the Controller(s), the next thing is to decide what you want to control and match the proper module to the correct type of load. As you will see there are several variations of modules some that are similar to each other with minor differences, and some hugely different. “It is important that you understand the differences” ______

IIIa. Electrical Load Types
X10 provides control for two basic types of loads: Resistive – Or commonly referred to as Incandescent lighting. These loads are identifiable as simple “filament-ed light bulbs”. X10 Lamp Modules and Wall Switches can DIM these types of loads. Resistive loads get there name from the characteristics of a lamp operating a tungsten bulb. As electrons flow across the filament in a vacuum, resistance causes heat, and heat causes light – hence the term “Resistive Load”. ______

IIIb. Electrical Load Types
• Inductive – typical of nearly every type o 240VAC device other than lighting (i.e. computers, coffee makers, TVs, motors, fans, power supplies, fluorescent lighting, transformers in general, etc.) X10 Appliance Modules, certain Wall Switches and Fixture Modules can operate these “non-dimming” loads ON and OFF. However, a specific X10 has specific Modules that can “DIM” small inductive loads. Inductive loads get there name from the specific electro-magnetic characteristics of their circuitry in which the AC waveform is changed due to the magnetic field created. This is defined as inductive reactance. ______

IV. Receivers As you recall section- we discussed Resistive and Inductive load types. You may want to revisit these slides on and off as you move into Receivers. Basically Resistive Loads are commonly understood to be incandescent light bulbs Inductive Loads are commonly just about everything else, motors, fans, coffee makers, TVs, etc. ______ (the following are only a few selections from all of the possible X10 Receivers)

Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Receivers
IVa. Receivers Plug-in Dimming Resistive type loads Non-dimming Inductive type loads Screw-in Non-dimming Resistive loads only Wire-in Non-dimming incandescent and Inductive type loads ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Receivers

IVb. Receivers-Plug-in
Lamp Modules LM12 is capable of dimming up to 300 watts of standard incandescent (resistive) lighting LM12 Appliance Modules AM12 is capable of switching 15amps of Inductive Loads ON/OFF AM12 ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Receivers

IVc. Receivers-Screw-in
Lamp Modules LM15 Non-dimming Incandescent Lamp Module rated at 150 watts having the ability to memorize its X10 Code from the AC power line. It is recommended to use any other plug-in X10 Controller to program the Modules Letter and Number Code LM15 Ideal for those locations that AC power is live at all times and you want to control a socket containing Incandescent lighting. ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Receivers

IVe. Receivers-Wire-in
Decorative Wall Switch Dimmer Modules LW10 Incandescent 500 watt Dimmer can be used as a three-way master or as a single LW11 Inductive 4 amp Dimmer for Resistive or Inductive lighting, low-voltage lighting, 4 amp motors, etc. Can be used as a three-way master or as a single. LW10 LW11 ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Receivers

IVg. Receivers-Wire-in
Fixture Modules LM12W Dimmer Fixture operates Incandescent lighting loads up to 300 watts. Mounts in a junction box and hard wires directly to the fixture. Dimmable via an X10 command. AM12W Non-Dimming Fixture Module allows ON/OFF control of up to 15 amps of Inductive load. LM12W AM12W PR7211 PR7211 Dual Floodlight Motion Sensor has the ability to be controlled by an X10 command on the AC power line as well as transmit up to 4 other X10 ON commands from the Sensor when detecting motion and/or 4 additional at dawn-dusk. ______

Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Interfaces
V. Interfaces-Data Numerous electronics manufacturers have adopted the X10 Protocol into their product as a simple and easy means to add lighting and appliance control to the functionality of their product. CM11 and XM10 As you will see coming up in the Transmission Theory slides, the X10 Protocol is able to be programmed into a simple digital serial output from an OEM device so that is can be injected onto the AC power line via either a One-way or Bi-directional Interfaces named the CM11 and XM10 ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Interfaces

Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Interfaces
Va. Interfaces-Data Just to name a few of the manufacturers that have identified X10 as the Protocol to engineer into their everyday products. Leviton, Lightolier, PCS, RCS, Smartlinc, Adicon, GEsmart, RCA, Radio Shack, Magnavox, Ademco, APEX, DSC, Caddyx, Philips, Kenwood, HAI, SYS, AMX, Crestron, HAL, Homelink, Home Seer, Cyberhouse, and many more all manufacture controllers and or receivers using the Electrical Power line to turn on lights or appliances. ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Interfaces

Vb. Interfaces-Low-voltage
For those products do not yet have the X10 Protocol built into their device; then the Powerflash Interface SM10 gives you the ability to take a simple dry contact closure or a voltage up to 18V from any device and connect it to the screw terminals on the SM10 causing it to send one of three X10 Commands. SM10 The SM10 allows just about any device to become an X10 Controller Mode 1: ALL LIGHTS ON plus one Appliance Unit Code Input removed sends the set Unit Code command OFF. Mode 2: ALL LIGHTS ON/ALL UNITS OFF repeatedly. This would appear as a flash command and will continue cycling every second until the input is removed. Input removed leaves all lights in the ON. Mode 3: Sends one (1) X10 Unit Code command ON. When the input is removed; sends the same Unit Code OFF. ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Interfaces

Vc. Interfaces-Computer
X10 devices can be controlled from the CM11A Computer Interface which simply plugs into a serial port on the computer of your choice and connects to the Interface via Windows95, software named ACTIVEHOME. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) permits drag and drop programming of the Interface to operate your home 365 days a year. ACTIVEHome CM11A Interface ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog Interfaces Link to CM11A Communications Protocol

Vd. Interfaces-Computer
CM11A Features: Direct mouse on screen control of devices Unlimited Daily Timers across all X10 Letter and Number Codes Selective operation for specific Day of week, month and time Timed Events or triggered events called MACROS Downloadable schedule to allow the Interface to operate without the use of the computer Battery backup Programmable daylight savings adjustment Bi-directional communications to and from the AC power line to receive outside X10 triggers causing strings of commands to run on demand CM11A Sales Cut Sheet - PDF ______ Link to X10 PRO Catalog - Interfaces

VI. Basic Transmission Theory
REMEMBER THIS SLIDE? Now we will explain just what happens on the AC power line whenever you press that button! The X10 Communications Protocol is an RF signal burst representing binary digital coding that is superimposed on the 240VAC power lines of the structure The Signal is injected just after the Zero Crossing Point of the 50Hz sign wave at a carrier frequency of 120Khz Signal is carried throughout the structure to X10 Receivers attached to loads via the 240VAC power line ______

VIa. Basic Transmission Theory
The next few slides are an intensive dissection of the X10 Protocol, it is not necessary to master the transmission theory on a scientific level unless you intend to create an OEM device that interfaces with the AC power line via an existing X10 Interface. And to do so would require the Interfaces below… ONE-WAY Powerline Interface (CM11) transmits valid X10 commands onto the AC power line from OEM devices. Bi-DIRECTIONAL Powerline Interface (XM10) transmits and receives X10 commands to and from the OEM device to the AC power line. ______

VIb. Transmission Theory
X10 Powerline Carrier (PLC) Technology X10 communicates between Transmitters and Receivers by sending and receiving signals over the power line wiring. These signals involve short RF bursts which represent digital information. X10 powerline carrier transmissions are synchronized to the zero crossing point of the AC power line. The goal should be to transmit as close to the zero crossing point as possible, but certainly within 200 microseconds of the zero crossing point. The CM11 and XM10 provide a 50 Hz square wave with a maximum delay of 100 µsec from the zero crossing point of the AC power line. The maximum delay between signal envelope input and 120 kHz output bursts is 50 µsec. Therefore, it should be arranged that outputs to the CM11 and XM10 to be within 50 µs of this 50 Hz zero crossing reference square wave. A Binary 1 is represented by a 1 millisecond burst of 120 kHz at the zero crossing point, and a Binary 0 by the absence of 120 kHz. The CM11 and XM10 modulate their inputs (from the O.E.M.) with 120 kHz, therefore only the 1 ms "envelope" need be applied to their inputs. These 1 millisecond bursts should equally be transmitted three times to coincide with the zero crossing point of all three phases in a three phase distribution system. Figure 1 shows the timing relationship of these bursts relative to zero crossing.

VIc. Transmission Theory
A complete code transmission encompasses eleven cycles of the power line. The first two cycles represent a Start Code. The next four cycles represent the House Code and the last five cycles represent either the Number Code (1 thru 16) or a Function Code (On, Off, etc.). This complete block, (Start Code, House Code, Key Code) should always be transmitted in groups of 2 with 3 power line cycles between each group of 2 codes. Bright and dim are exceptions to this rule and should be transmitted continuously (at least twice) with no gaps between codes. See figure 2. Within each block of data, each four or five bit code should be transmitted in true compliment form on alternate half cycles of the power line. I.E. if a 1 millisecond burst of signal is transmitted on one half cycle (binary 1) then no signal should be transmitted on the next cycle, (binary 0). See Figure 3. NOTE 1. X10 Receiver Modules require a "silence" of at least 3 power cycles between each pair of 11 bit code transmissions (no gaps between each pair). The one exception to this rule is bright and dim codes. These are transmitted continuously with no gaps between each 11 bit dim code or 11 bit bright code. A 3 cycle gap is necessary between different codes, i.e. between bright and dim, or 1 and dim, or on and bright, etc.

VId. Transmission Theory
The Tables in Figure 4 show the binary codes to be transmitted for each House Code and Key Code. The Start Code is always 1110 which is a unique code and is the only code which does not follow the true complimentary relationship on alternate half cycles. [1] Hail Request is transmitted to see if there are any X10 transmitters within listening range. This allows the O.E.M. to assign a different Housecode if a "Hail Acknowledge" is received. [2] In a Pre-Set Dim instruction, the D8 bit represents the Most Significant Bit of the level and H1, H2, H4 and H8 bits represent the Least Significant Bits. [3] The Extended Data code is followed by 8 bit bytes which can represent Analog Data (after A to D conversion). There should be no gaps between the Extended Data code and the actual data, and no gaps between data bytes. The first 8 bit byte can be used to say how many bytes of data will follow. If gaps are left between data bytes, these codes could be received by X10 modules causing erroneous operation. Extended Code is similar to Extended Data: 8 Bit bytes which follow Extended Code (with no gaps) can represent additional codes. This allows the designer to expand beyond the 256 codes presently available.

VIe. Transmission Theory
A Square wave representing zero crossing detect is provided by the CM11/05 and is within 100 µs of the zero crossing point of the AC power line. The output signal envelope from the O.E.M. should be within 50 µs of this zero crossing detect. The signal envelope should be 1 ms (-50µs +100µs). See Figure 5. NOTE: From here forward, any reference to the PL513 crosses to the CM11 and any reference to the TW523 crosses to the XM10

VIf. Transmission Theory
Opto-Coupled 50 Hz reference output (from the CM11/05) Transmissions are to be synchronized to the zero crossing point of the AC power line and should be as close to true zero crossing as possible. The CM11 and XM10 are designed to be interfaced to other microprocessor circuitry which outputs X10 codes synchronized to the zero crossing point of the AC power line. It is therefore necessary to provide a zero crossing reference for the O.E.M. microprocessor. It is likely that this microprocessor will have its own "isolated" power supply. It is necessary to maintain this isolation, therefore the trigger circuit normally used in X10 PRO Controllers is not desirable as this would reference the O.E.M. power supply to the AC power line. It is also not desirable to take the trigger from the secondary side of the power supply transformer as some phase shift is likely to occur. It is therefore necessary to provide an opto-coupled 50 Hz reference. An opto-coupled 50 Hz square wave is provided at the output of the CM11 and XM10. X10 codes generated by the O.E.M. product are to be synchronized to this zero crossing reference. The X10 code envelope generated by the O.E.M. is applied to the CM11 or XM10 which modulates the envelope with 120 kHz and capacitively couples it to the AC power line. Opto-Coupled Signal Input (to the CM11/XM10) The input signal required from the O.E.M. product is the signal "envelope" of the X10 code format, i.e. High for 1 ms. coincident with zero crossing represents a binary "1" and gates the 120 kHz oscillator through to the output drive circuit thus transmitting 120 kHz onto the AC power line for 1 ms. Low for 1 ms. coincident with the zero crossing point represents a binary "0" and turns the 120 kHz oscillator/output circuit off for the duration of the 1 ms. input.

VIg. Transmission Theory
Opto-Coupled Signal Output (from the XM10) The "X10 received" output from the XM10 coincides with the second half of each X10 transmission. This output is the envelope of the bursts of 120 kHz received. Only the envelope corresponding to the first burst of each group of 3 bursts is available at the output of the XM10. See Figures 6, 7 and 8.

VIIa. Basic X10 Commands ______ Code Wheels 256 possible
The X10 protocol incorporates: Letter Codes (A-P) Number Codes (1-16) Six basic Command Codes -ON -OFF -Bright (only those modules identified as “light Receivers” respond) -Dim (only those modules identified as “light Receivers” respond) -All Lights ON (only those modules identified as “light Receivers” respond) -All Units OFF (all Modules respond) ______

VIII. Electricity Basics
South African standard for AC power is 240VAC, 50Hz Normally every home has one 240VAC line (called phase) run from the power company's transformer to the main breaker panel in the home Some homes and businesses also have a “Three-Phase”, supply service which allows balanced load usage between the three phases; whereas if only one “leg (phase)” supplied the load center, it could be easily over-loaded ______

VIIIa. Electricity Basics
The slide below gives a simplistic example of load distribution throughout a typical home, notice the HW (hot water tank) requires both legs to operate as a 240VAC appliance Typically, there is only one panel serving one home, however-some larger homes require additional “sub-panel(s)” to accommodate the needs of having more circuits. This is still a split-phase service and can have higher amperage values.

IX. Platform Establishment
The X10 signal communicates in an environment that is split into two independent segments (phases), plus in some cases can be a noisy environment full of electronic noise pollution coming from other devices and appliances in the home; for those installations, a clean “Communications Platform” needs to be established. The following slides will assist you in identifying X10 Platform Solutions as well as Troubleshooting, Noise Filtering and Coupling…. ______

IXa. X10 Platform Solutions
The following are identifiable examples of Noise on the power line: A Module will seemingly turn ON all by itself at regular times, or varies day to day You can control a Module most of the time, but on occasion you have to send a command several times for it to operate properly When transmitting a command another device triggers, not the one you are trying to control No matter what you transmit, you cannot get a device to respond You can turn a device ON but you cannot turn it OFF ______

IXb. X10 Platform Solutions
The following are identifiable examples of poor phase crossing on the power line: You can control a Module most of the time, but on occasion you have to send a command several times for it to finally operate properly No matter what you transmit, you cannot get a device to respond unless you move it You can turn a device ON but you cannot turn it OFF Like a series of roads, the X10 signal has to travel your home electrical wiring. But to get from one phase to the other phase it has to go out to the street transformer and back. Sometimes the signal is attenuated by wire and load resistance while traveling ______

IXc. X10 Platform Solutions
When noise on the power line and poor phase crossings affect your signal to the point of erratic behavior or non-functionality-then you must trouble shoot the system to locate and filter “offending devices” and or couple the phases at the load center. The next few slides are dedicated to troubleshooting to resolve X10 Platform Communications The XPTT and the XPTR-Test (PLC AUTO) See next few slides for testing and operation ______

X. Platform Tools Test Equipment Places an X10 Command string onto the AC powerline and measure signal integrity at various points in the AC system Filters Wire-in and Plug-in Noise Filters remove “offending electronic frequencies”, generated by some electronic equipment, from polluting the AC powerline Couplers Used to create an electronic gateway between multiple electric 240VAC phases at the structures main power load center

Xa. What To Look For ______
Electronic noise can be caused by one or more household devices or appliances. Typically it makes no difference if the device is ON or OFF. If the device is plugged in, it usually has its power supplies “on the line”. Some possible devices that cause electronic noise pollution could be” Some TV’s, VCR’s, low-voltage lighting supplies, computers and peripherals, power surge strips, satellite receivers, etc… Not all devices cause noise that interferes with X10, it is best to know what to look for, but rarely is there more than one or two devices that cause power line pollution in an installation. Click on image to watch noise video Click on image to watch filter video ______ Click here for more Trouble Shooting Information

Xb. Troubleshooting ______
Using the XPTT Test Transmitter (PLC AUTO), plug it into an AC outlet at the transmission point in your installation. The Transmitter injects a 2-4 volt command signal. Using the XPTR Test Receiver (PLC AUTO), move around to all the outlets in your installation and read the signal strength from the LEDs on the face of the unit. ______

Xc. Troubleshooting ______
While looking at the Receiver, unplug a suspected noise generating device. If unplugging the device causes the RED LEDs to increase in value you have isolated an offending device. ______

Xd. Troubleshooting ______
If you cannot find any noise producing devices after unplugging - yet you are still getting low signal, than it could be that a wired-in device (i.e. flood light with a photo cell) could be generating the noise. In this case you would need to turn selected breakers off inside the electrical panel to locate the noise offending circuit. ______

Xe. Troubleshooting-Filtering
Once you have located the noisy device(s), than the appropriate Filter can be selected to isolate the noise generated from that device(s). The FM10XX Wired-in Filter attaches to the breaker in which the branch circuit contains the wired-in noisy device and blocks all signal and noise to and from that circuit. The FM10 Plug-in Filter simply plugs into any outlet and prohibits an offending device plugged into it from polluting the AC power lines in the electrical system. ______

Xf. Troubleshooting ______
Assuming you identify and filter all offending devices, but still have low signal amplitude in some locations (i.e. under 100 mV). In most cases when low signal is detected, you have crossed the electrical phase from one to the other. In which case you will need to Couple the phases together electronically. ______

Xg. Troubleshooting-Coupling
Phase Coupling makes it possible to distribute X10 commands to all parts of the your electrical system with one of two easy to install devices. The TF678 Passive Coupler connects to both phases and neutral at the main electrical panel to evenly distribute X10 signals in an installation of up to 3000 square feet in size The CAT6276 Coupling Repeater is designed to detect valid X10 commands on one or the other and repeat them simultaneously at a higher amplitude. Necessary for homes over 3000 square feet due to the amount of resistance caused by more AC cable. Also operates in a three phase systems ______ Remember the diagram of a load center distribution slide in Electricity Basics

XI. Course Re-cap ______
The remaining slides serve only as a “recap” of the broad scope of uses, industries, and customizations that X10 PRO offers In this final section you will recall some of the X10 Platform customizations that allow an X10 System communicate properly. Near the end, there is a simple Question Answer Quiz to help you identify common X10 issues and characteristics that you have learned and match it to the knowledge that you have gained by this course. After completion of the Quiz, you must be online for the submit function to operate. Finally, There is a Comments page, please feel free to submit your comments and suggestions regarding the Course. We trust that this has been richly informative and look forward to serving you in the future. ______

XI. Industries X10 PRO products are used across a variety of professional fields including, but not limited to: Electrical Security Low-voltage / Home Automation Irrigation / Outdoor Lighting HVAC Pool/Spa ______

XII. Inter-platform Communication
X10 Controllers are very flexible utilizing three platforms for communications IR – Infrared- “line-of-sight” X10 protocol used when RF exhibits too much interference RF – Radio Frequency- Offers the most flexible “non-line-of-sight” method of wireless control PLC – Powerline Carrier- The final platform being the AC power line, delivers the control command directly to the receiver attached to the load ______

XIII. Custom Applications
The flexibility of X10 Controllers and Receivers is greatly enhanced when an Installer understands the needs of the customer and can match them to the proper X10 Controller or Receiver That understanding pairs up an RF Controller to customers wanting mobility. Wall Controllers to those wanting fixed location Controllers and Computer Controllers for those wanting Automated Controls. This “Lifestyle” matching is possible with the numerous Plug-in, wire-in and wireless Controllers offered through X10 PRO ______

XIV. Platform Customization
X10 Communications systems respond best when the appropriate platform device is installed to match the installation TF678 - Passive Coupler - created as a gateway between electrical phases for up to 3000 sq. foot installations CAT Coupling Repeater - designed to couple and repeat valid X10 signals on up to three phases - also transmits at a higher signal amplitude for larger installations ______

XV. Filtering Customization
X10 Communications systems require the absence of/or minute allowances of electronic powerline pollution from other household devices sharing the load center FM10SA - Plug-in Filter - removes any unwanted electronic noise from powerline FM10XX - Wire-in Filter - complete circuit filtering when a plug-in is not applicable XPNR - Noise Reducer - attached to a circuit, as a last effort, when affected by noise that cannot be located or is intermittent ______

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