1. Transition Electron Micrograph (TEM)
Chemistry Basics
Transition Electron Micrograph (TEM)
of atoms
Oxygen (O)

2. All matter is made of chemical _______
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
All matter is made of chemical _______
Can’t be broken down by _________ means
__ occur in nature, ~__ more in labs
8 make up 99% of the stuff on Earth’s surface
__ are essential to life
Organisms are made mostly (95%) of 4:
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Where is each commonly encountered?

3. Periodic table of the elements
Arranged according to number of protons (more later)
= ____________ Number
Metals
Non-metals
Alkali metals

4. Each element is a kind of atom
Bohr atom, after Niels Bohr
Electrons: (-) charge
Nucleus
Protons: (+) charge
Neutrons: (+) charge

5. Electrons occur in _______ or shells
Inner shell
(Oxygen)
Outer shell
Opposite charges _______ electrons to protons
Pulls electrons toward nucleus
Like charges ______ electrons from other electrons
Keeps electrons spread out
Electromagnetic repulsion among protons is overwhelmed by poorly-understood __________
Binds protons and neutrons
Involves quarks and ______
__________ of neutrons and protons

6. Larger atoms have more ______
Each orbital has it’s maximum number of electrons
1st orbital holds 2 e-
2nd holds 8 e-
Electrons in outer
orbitals have ____
energy
When electrons move
to inner orbitals they
_______ energy
more energy
Organisms use this to get
______ from chemical reactions

7. Atoms have electrically charged forms, called _____
The number of electrons(-) & protons(+) are ______
Negatively charged
ion = anion
Positively charged
Ion = cation

8. Atoms can rob electrons from other atoms
Atoms with many e-s in their outer orbital rob from
atoms with few e-s in their outer orbital
An Oxygen atom,
with 7 out of 8 e-s in its outer orbital,
can rob the single e- of a Hydrogen atom
Resulting in 2 ions:

9. Chemical reactions = _____ Elements combine to form _________
Hydrogen (H)
plus Oxygen (O)
= _____
Sodium (Na)
plus Chlorine (Cl)
= _____
Compounds are held together by chemical
_____

10. 2 major categories of compounds
1. Inorganic compounds
From _________ sources
Have _____ bonds
Ions with opposite charges are attracted
cation anion
Ionic bond

11. Table salt is inorganic
Ionic bonds result in stacked blocks
Form brittle ________

12. 2. Organic compounds (more next lecture)
From _____ sources
Have _______ bonds
Atoms ______ a pair of electrons
Hydrogen lacks a neutron
- unique to Hydrogen
Covalent bonds are strong, ______