1. Ch. 3.1: What are elements? Atoms and Atomic Structure
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
Fact: More than 99% of the matter in our solar system is contained in the sun.

2. The Building Blocks of Matter
An Element is:
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.

3. The Building Blocks of Matter
Example: Gold is still Gold whether it’s been melted, hammered, re-formed or divided into smaller pieces.

4. The Building Blocks of Matter
92 elements occur naturally on earth and in the stars.
Other elements (approximately 20) have been produced in the laboratory.
Identified by a 1, 2 or 3-letter abbreviation known as a chemical symbol.

5. The Building Blocks of Matter
Element
Symbol
Hydrogen H
Aluminum Al
Helium He
Sulfur S
Carbon C
Potassium K
Nitrogen N
Silver Ag
Oxygen O
Gold Au

6. The Building Blocks of Matter
Element
Symbol
Fluorine F
Lithium Li
Magnesium Mg
Mercury Hg
Copper Cu
Chlorine Cl
Sodium Na
Boron B
Calcium Ca
Phosphorus P

7. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atoms
An Atom is the smallest particle of an element that has all the characteristics of that element.

8. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atoms
Atoms consist of even smaller particles; protons, neutrons and electrons.
Center of an atom is called the nucleus. Made up of protons and neutrons.
Proton (+) is a tiny particle that has mass and a positive electrical charge. Written as p+.

9. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atoms
Neutron is a particle with the same mass as a proton, but has neutral electrical charge. Written as n or n0.
Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an atom.

10. The Building Blocks of Matter: Nucleus
The nucleus has a net positive charge. Why?
Because only protons (p+) and neutrons (n) in the nucleus.

11. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atomic # and Atomic mass
Atomic Number is the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. Atomic Mass is the combined number of protons and neutrons.
Write somewhere on page 2 that electrons have a negative charge.

12. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atomic Structure
Element
# protons
# neutrons
Atomic #
Atomic Mass
Hydrogen 1
Helium 2 4
Lithium 3 7
Carbon 6 12
Oxygen 8 16
Iron 26 30 56
Write somewhere on page 2 that electrons have a negative charge.

13. The Building Blocks of Matter: The Nucleus
Elements on the periodic table are arranged by atomic #, which is the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus.

14. Periodic Table song

15. The Building Blocks of Matter: The Nucleus
The lightest atom is Hydrogen, which has 1 proton in its nucleus.
The heaviest (naturally occurring) atom is Uranium, which has 92 protons and 146 neutrons in its nucleus.
Write somewhere on page 2 that electrons have a negative charge.

16. The Building Blocks of Matter: Electrons
Orbiting the nucleus of an atom are smaller particles called electrons. An electron has little mass, but has a negative electrical charge that is exactly the same magnitude as the positive charge of a proton.
An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons will have a net charge of zero, or no charge.
Written as e-.
Write somewhere on page 2 that electrons have a negative charge.

17. The Building Blocks of Matter: 3 subunits
Draw this Helium atom and label the protons p+ and the neutrons n.
Put an e- next to the electrons. e- n n p

18. http://glencoe. mcgraw-hill

19. The Building Blocks of Matter: Isotopes
All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons. However, the number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary.
When atoms of the same element have different number of neutrons, they are known as isotopes.

20. The Building Blocks of Matter: Isotopes
For example: All Chlorine (Cl) atoms all have 17 protons, but they can either have 18 or 20 neutrons. This means there are 2 types of chlorine:
One type of Cl has 17 p+ and 18 n ->
atomic mass of 35.
Another type of Cl has 17 p+ and 20 n -> atomic mass of 37.

21. The Building Blocks of Matter: Isotopes
Therefore, Chlorine is an isotope.
The atomic mass is an average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element.
Chlorine’s mass is an average of the 2 isotopes of chlorine, which is

22. http://glencoe. mheducation
Isotope movie?

23. The Building Blocks of Matter: Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the spontaneous process through which unstable nuclei emit radiation (energy).
A nucleus can lose protons and neutrons, change a proton to a neutron, or change a neutron to a proton.
Because the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus identifies an element, the decay or change in the nucleus changes the element.

24. The Building Blocks of Matter: Isotopes
For example:
The isotope Uranium-238 decays over time to Lead A rock with uranium present will also have some Lead, due to radioactive decay.
We can use this information to determine the age of a rock.

25. The Building Blocks of Matter: Abundance
2 most abundant elements in the universe: Hydrogen and Helium.
All of the other elements account for less than 1% of all the atoms in the universe.

26. Abundance of Elements e- n n p e- n n p

27. The Building Blocks of Matter: Abundance
2 most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust are: Oxygen and Silicon.
Some other common elements include: Aluminum, Iron, Sodium, and Calcium.

28. Earth Abundance of Elements e- n n p e- n n p

29. The Building Blocks of Matter: Orbitals
Electrons are distributed over different levels around an atom’s nucleus. These levels are arranged in predictable patterns.

30. The Building Blocks of Matter: Orbitals
Each energy level can only hold a limited number of electrons.

31. The Building Blocks of Matter: Orbitals
Electrons tend to occupy the lowest, or innermost, energy levels.
The electrons in the outermost energy level determine the chemical behavior of the different elements (for example, if that element will easily combine with another).

32. The Building Blocks of Matter: Orbitals
The outermost electrons are called valence electrons.
Electron energy levels are also called atomic orbitals.

33. Electron Energy Levels
1s ___ 2s ___ 2p ___ 3s ___ 3p ___ …

34. History of Atomic Theory crash course video

35. Coming Up Soon Add these notes to your science notebook:
Atoms and Atomic Structure and…
Periodic Table of Elements
Chapter 2 test over Maps this Thursday.
Need colored pencils on Friday!

36. The Periodic Table of Elements
Demitri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907) noticed that groups of elements had similar properties and developed periodic law.
“Groups” are elements arranged vertically.
“Families” are elements arranged horizontally.
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

37. The Periodic Table of Elements
Find & Draw the stair-case with regular pencil or black colored pencil.
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

38. Periodic Table of Elements
Atomic Number – top left
Atomic Mass – top right
58 – 71 Lanthanum series
90 – 103 Actinium series

39. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the back of your periodic table: Make a list:
Alkali Metals – Metals which will accept a p+
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

40. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the top of your periodic table: Color Alkali Metals box ORANGE
Label First column Alkali Metals
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

41. Periodic Table of Elements
Color this column ORANGE EXCEPT HYDROGEN!!
Label this first column Alkali Metals
58 – 71 Lanthanum series
90 – 103 Actinium series

42. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the back of your periodic table: Make a list:
Alkaline Earth Metals – Very reactive metals, not found free in nature.
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

43. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the top of your periodic table: Color Alkaline Earth Metals box BLUE
Label 2nd column Alkaline Earth Metals
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

44. Label the 2nd column Alkaline Earth Metals
Color this column Blue
Label the 2nd column Alkaline Earth Metals
58 – 71 Lanthanum series
90 – 103 Actinium series

45. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the back of your periodic table: Make a list:
Transition Metals – Like other metals, conduct heat and electricity. Have valence electrons in more than one level.
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

46. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the top of your periodic table: Color Transition Metals box RED
Label middle section TRANSITION METALS
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

47. Color all of these columns RED Label the red columns Transition Metals
58 – 71 Lanthanum series
90 – 103 Actinium series

48. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the back of your periodic table: Make a list:
Other Metals – Different from the transition metals. All solid, opaque & very dense.
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

49. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the top of your periodic table: Color the Other Metals box YELLOW
Label columns under staircase OTHER METALS
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

50. Label the yellow area below the staircase Other Metals
58 – 71 Lanthanum series
90 – 103 Actinium series

51. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the back of your periodic table: Make a list:
Non-Metals – Not able to conduct heat/electricity well. Brittle. Exist as a solid or gas at room temperature.
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

52. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the top of your periodic table: Color the Other Non-Metals box GREEN
Label columns above staircase (minus last column) NON-METALS
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

53. Find the staircase and color everything above it GREEN,
except the very last column
Label the green area Non-metals
Non-Metals
58 – 71 Lanthanum series
90 – 103 Actinium series

54. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the back of your periodic table: Make a list:
Noble Gases – Full outer electron shell. Stable. Doesn’t readily form compounds.
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

55. The Periodic Table of Elements
On the top of your periodic table: Color the Noble Gases box BROWN
Label the last column NOBLE GASES
Metalloid – has both metal and non-metal properties

56. The very last row is called the Noble Gases
Color the last row BROWN.
58 – 71 Lanthanum series
90 – 103 Actinium series

57. Label Metalloids – along the staircase.
58 – 71 Lanthanum series
90 – 103 Actinium series

58. Atomic Jokes
A neutron walks into a restaurant and orders a couple of sodas. As she is about to leave, she asks the waiter how much she owes.  The waiter replies,
For you, “No Charge!”

59. ADD this to your TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Periodic Table

60. Atomic Jokes
A neutron walks into a restaurant and orders a couple of sodas. As she is about to leave, she asks the waiter how much she owes.  The waiter replies, "For you, ...
Did you hear oxygen went on a date with potassium? It went…
No Charge!” OK

61. Fireworks video https://vimeo.com/12772132
If time, show this or crash course periodic table video to classes (2, 6, 7)

62. Element Worksheet – 2nd page
Fill in the last 2 columns.
Neutrons = Atomic Mass - # protons
Electrons = # protons for a neutral atom