1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Take out a sheet of paper
What do you already know about the Protestant Reformation?
3 minutes

3. Breakdown of Denominations

4. Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
Interested in authority of clergy.
People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own.
Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope).
This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

5. Early Reformers Cont… Erasmus (1466-1536)
“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within.
He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will.
Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

6. Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation!
The Printing Press!!!!
Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books)
People have access to books whenever they want them.
How does this relate to the Reformation? Explain your answer?
Like the Kindle or Nook to early modern Europeans.
A single Renaissance printing press could produce 3,600 pages per workday, compared to forty by hand-printing and a few by hand-copying.
Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday
Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

7. What is the Protestant Reformation?
Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches.
People grew displeased with the churches…
Financial Corruption
Abuse of Power
Immorality

8. What happens to spark the Reformation?
Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences!
Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness)
Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

9. Language Barriers
Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”.
Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation.
It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

10. Martin Luther
Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg.
One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation.
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Luther translates the Bible to German and believes that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves.
Coffer means chest

11. Luther’s 95 Theses
In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin.
Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT!
Criticized:
Indulgences
Power of Pope
Wealth of Church
God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE!
Catholic View: Good Works

12. Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
Excommunication- expelled him from the church.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings.
Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest.
Hence the term Protestant!
Pope Leo X by Raphel

13. Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
Theocracy
A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
John Calvin in Switzerland
Predestination
God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation.
John Knox in Scotland
Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

14. In England, the Reformation began with the King!
King Henry VIII
The king who had six wives…
He wants a SON!
Lines provided in notes to write down story of King Henry VIII.
King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary.
Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever.
Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen.
Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so.
Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent.
Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy. 
Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

16. The Reformation Parliament
Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope.
Act of Supremacy
Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

17. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII
His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward (dies).
Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary”
Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake.
Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor)
Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married…known as the Virgin Queen.

18. During the Protestant Reformation, religious reformers called protestants broke from the Catholic Church & started new Christian denominations

19. Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther began the Reformation & believed in Justification by Faith
John Calvin believed in predestination & a strict code of living
Henry VIII, not the Pope, was the head of the Anglican Church

20. In the 1500s, the new protestant faiths spread, especially into northern Europe in areas away from the power of the Catholic Church
But, most Europeans, especially in Spain, France, Portugal, & Italy stayed with the Catholic Church which remained the largest religion in Europe but it had lost much of its power & influence

21. How did leaders of the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?

22. Develop a response to the Reformation
Assume the role of a Catholic bishop attending the Council of Trent in 1545
Develop a response to the Reformation
What do you do!?
Brainstorm solutions to this problem
Identify positive & negative consequences of each possible solution
Rank order your solutions
Be prepared to discuss

23. The Catholic Reformation
The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation became known as the Counter-Reformation (or the Catholic Reformation)

24. Jesuits formed schools to better educate Catholic priests
One of the first reformers in the Catholic Church was Ignatius of Loyola who formed the Society of Jesus in 1540
Members of the Society of Jesus were called Jesuits & focused on three goals:
Jesuits formed schools to better educate Catholic priests
Jesuits tried to stop the spread of Protestantism
For the next 18 years, Ignatius gathered followers. In 1540, the pope created a religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus. Members were called Jesuits (JEHZH•u•ihts). The Jesuits focused on three activities. First, they founded superb schools throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers were well-trained in both classical studies and theology. The Jesuits’ second mission was to convert non-Christians to Catholicism. So, they sent out missionaries around the world. Their third goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism. The zeal of the Jesuits overcame the drift toward Protestantism in Poland and southern Germany.
Jesuits sent missionaries around the world to convert non-Christians to Catholicism

25. The Catholic Church stopped selling false indulgences
In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee of Catholic leaders to review church practices, known as the Council of Trent
The nineteenth ecumenical council opened at Trent on 13 December, 1545, and closed there on 4 December, Its main object was the definitive determination of the doctrines of the Church in answer to the heresies of the Protestants; a further object was the execution of a thorough reform of the inner life of the Church by removing the numerous abuses that had developed in it.
Two popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church. Paul III, pope from 1534 to 1549, took four important steps. First, he directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church. Second, he approved the Jesuit order. Third, he used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. Fourth, and most important, he called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy. From 1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines:
• The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic.
• Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued.
• The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.
• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned. The next pope, Paul IV, vigorously carried out the council’s decrees. In 1559, he had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. This list was known as the Index of Forbidden Books. Catholic bishops throughout Europe were ordered to gather up the offensive books (including Protestant Bibles) and burn them in bonfires. In Venice alone, followers burned 10,000 books in one day.
The Catholic Church stopped selling false indulgences
Over the next 18 years, the Council of Trent made a series of reforms
New schools were created to educate priests

26. Salvation is gained through faith in God & good works
The Council of Trent also reaffirmed several core Catholic beliefs & practices
Salvation is gained through faith in God & good works
All seven Holy Sacraments are legitimate means to gain God’s grace
Two popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church. Paul III, pope from 1534 to 1549, took four important steps. First, he directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church. Second, he approved the Jesuit order. Third, he used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. Fourth, and most important, he called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy. From 1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines:
• The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic.
• Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued.
• The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.
• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned. The next pope, Paul IV, vigorously carried out the council’s decrees. In 1559, he had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. This list was known as the Index of Forbidden Books. Catholic bishops throughout Europe were ordered to gather up the offensive books (including Protestant Bibles) and burn them in bonfires. In Venice alone, followers burned 10,000 books in one day.
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final & all others who interpret the Bible are heretics (non-believers)

27. To enforce these beliefs, the Church used the Inquisition to accuse, hold trials, & punish heretics

28. The Church banned & burned all offensive books, including Protestant bibles

29. The Impact of the Reformation
The Protestant Reformation left Europe religiously divided
Numerous religious wars were fought between Catholics & Protestants
The weakened authority of the Pope helped kings gain power & form nations
Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation Despite
religious wars and persecutions, Protestant churches flourished
and new denominations developed. The Roman Catholic Church itself became more unified as a result of the reforms started at the Council of Trent. Both Catholics and Protestants gave more emphasis to the role of education in promoting their beliefs. This led to the founding of parish schools and new colleges and universities throughout Europe. Some women reformers had hoped to see the status of women in the church and society improve as a result of the Reformation. But it remained much the same both under Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Women were still mainly limited to the concerns of home and family.
Political Effects of the Reformation As the Catholic
Church’s moral and political authority declined, individual
monarchs and states gained power. This led to the development
of modern nation-states. In the 1600s, rulers of nation-states
would seek more power for themselves and their
countries through warfare, exploration, and expansion.
The Reformation’s questioning of beliefs and authority also
laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. As you will read
in Chapter 22, this intellectual movement would sweep Europe
in the late 18th century. It led some to reject all religions and
others to call for the overthrow of existing governments.
Missionaries converted non-Christians throughout the world
The Reformation encouraged education & the questioning of long-held beliefs

30. On the same sheet of paper
How would you explain the Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation “in a nutshell”?

31. Closure Activity