1. Bell ringer
1.Humanists believed that a)in a classless society b)monetary value could not be placed on true art c)major purpose of art was to glorify God d)the potential of the mind was almost limitless
2.In Italy’s city-states, knowledge of arts such as painting, sculpture, & architecture grew because: a)women gained financial & legal rights b)invaders brought new technologies c)nobles & merchants supported artists d)artists sold their works at affordable prices

2. Bell ringer
1.Humanists believed that a)in a classless society b)monetary value could not be placed on true art c)major purpose of art was to glorify God d)the potential of the mind was almost limitless
2.In Italy’s city-states, knowledge of arts such as painting, sculpture, & architecture grew because: a)women gained financial & legal rights b)invaders brought new technologies c)nobles & merchants supported artists d)artists sold their works at affordable prices

3. Today-Objective: Reformation
1.Understand how the Roman Catholic Church dominated northern & southern Europe at the very beginning of the 16th century.
2.Who is Martin Luther?
3.Read Machiavelli & The Courtier
4. Group Work:
Art
Evaluation
Presentations

4. Terms and People
indulgences – in the Roman Catholic Church, pardons for sins committed during a person’s life
Martin Luther –the German monk who triggered the revolt against the Roman Catholic church in 1517
Wittenberg – city in northern Germany where Luther drew up his 95 Theses
Charles V – the Holy Roman emperor who ordered Luther to recant his 95 Theses
diet – assembly or legislature
John Calvin – a reformer who preached predestination and living a saintly life
predestination – the idea that God had predetermined who would gain salvation
Geneva – the Swiss city where Calvin was asked to establish a Christian community
theocracy – a government run by religious leaders

5. In the 1400s the Roman Catholic Church was powerful & wealthy
The Church was a large landowner
Many used the church to gain wealth
Some thought the church had strayed from the truth

6. 1400s Roman Catholic Church dominated Northern & Southern Europe

7. Who were reformers who preceded The Reformation?
John Hus- Preached against immorality & worldliness of the church. Excommunicated in 1412 & burned at the stake.
John Wycliffe- born in England about He believed the church should give up wealth. He wanted to translate Bible into the vernacular
His followers became known
As the
Hussites

8. By the early 1500s these concerns led to a reform movement that came to be called the Protestant Reformation

9. What were the causes of the Reformation?
Wealth, worldliness, & corruption of the Roman Catholic Church
Popes seemed more concerned with luxury and political power than with spiritual matters.

10. What were the causes of the Reformation?
Indulgences- Indulgences were pardons issued that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory.
Pope Leo X was using indulgences to pay for St Peters Basilica.

11. Reformation Begins October 31, 1517
Martin Luther posts his 95 theses on
The door of the church in Wittenberg

12. Who was Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was a German Monk who openly challenged the practice of indulgences and was the first to publicly challenge church wrongdoings. He posted a written protest called the 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral in Germany, for all to read.

13. Martin Luther
He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven. He became overwhelmed by the holiness of God & his own sin
He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort
In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

14. “The righteous shall by his faith.”
ROMANS 1:17
“The righteous shall by his faith.”
Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

15. Luther's 95 Theses
A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)
He criticized:
The Power of the Pope
The Extreme Wealth of the Church
Indulgences (Luther believed that you could not
Buy salvation)

16. Luther's 95 Theses
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany
Gained support from people and criticism from Church

17. Next: Groups present your Art Evaluations

18. Reactions to Luther
1520 Pope excommunicated or expelled Luther from the church
Luther was summoned to appear before the Holy Roman emperor Charles V & the German Diet or assembly in the city of Worms.

19. Diet of Worms
Appearing before the emperor Luther refused to change his opinions
The emperor condemned Luther’s teaching
Sympathetic princes protected Luther
Luther translated the Bible into German
Luther’s teaching spread

20. Edict of Worms
The Edict of Worms was a decree issued on 26 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V, declaring: For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther.
No one could give him food or shelter but Fredrick the Wise did both
Luther was declared an outlaw and a heretic

22. Many northern princes supported Luther
The German princes became known as Protestants.
Eventually all non-Catholic Churches became known as Protestants

23. People began to apply Luther’s ideas of spiritual freedom to society
Peasant's Revolt of 1524
German peasant's demanded an end to serfdom.
Mobs of angry peasants pillaged & burned.
The revolt horrified Luther who wrote a pamphlet encouraging the prince’s to show no mercy
The prince’s armies crushed the revolt.
As many as 100,000 were massacred

24. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V went to war against the Protestants
He defeated them in 1547 but could not force them back into the Catholic church.
All princes assembled in the city of Augsburg
Peace of Augsburg- religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

30. Next Read Machiavelli & Castiglione
Take the self test: How Machiavellian are you?
Read the quotes & answer the questions
Read from the Courtier and answer the questions.

31. Video Martin Luther- Reluctant Revolutionary
Write a reaction paragraph on the video. Include examples from the video. Do not talk or get a O