1. Lec-5 stage -3 Sub Order: Nematocera Fam:Simuliidae
This family comprises 75 described species in the same genus .
1- Simulium, most widely distributed species in America ,Asia, Africa, the anther genus are :2-prosimulium ,3- Austrosimulium
The characteristics of blackly
1-Tiny blood-sucking flies.
2-They are small dipterous insects ranging from 1 to 4 mm in length.
3- The antenna consisting of eleven segments (same in both sex) Larvae:
1- They brown to whitish larvae are cylindrical ,twelve-segmented, slightly thinner in the mid region and when fully grown are from mm ,in length.
2- The posterior and of the body is provided with a toothed disk-like sucker.
3- The anterior pro leg supplied with toothed disk.
4- The larvae moves from place to another place with looping manner .
5- The Fan-shaped filamentous structures located on the head of which food is drawn to the mouth.
6- On the last abdominal segment retractile structures (rectal gill)

4. Larvae

5. Looping manner

6. Cephalic fan

8. Pupa: 1- the pupae are quiescent
Pupa: 1- the pupae are quiescent. 2- They are provided interiorly with a number of long tracheal filaments .which are also importance in classification. The adult: Male eyes meeting female eyes not meeting (Holoptic eye) (dichoptic eye) Life cycle 1- Eggs are laid in running water on the surface of rocks,grass and other debris. 2- The larvae attach themselves to rocks. 3- Breeding success is highly sensitive to water pollution. 4- the larvae use tiny hooks at ends of their abdomens to hold on to the substrate. 5- Adult males feed on nectar while females also feed on blood.

10. Pupa

11. Pupa

14. 3- Less common severe allergic reactions may require hospitalization.
Adult behavior :
1-Only three genus in the Simuliidae family Simulium, Prosimulium, Austrosimulium.e
Contain species that feed on people.
2- Other species prefer to feed on other mammals = (Zoophilie) محبة للحيوان غير الانسان or on birds =(ornithophilic)محبة للطيور
Medical important
1- Annoyance
Itching and localized swelling and inflammation sometimes occurs at the site if a bite .
2- Intense feeding can cause (black fly fever)with headache ,fever, swollen lymph nodes and aching joints.
3- Less common severe allergic reactions may require hospitalization.
4- River blindness عمى الانهار
black flies are central to the transmission of the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus which causes (Onchocerciasis )or River blindness.
5- The parasite lives on human skin and is transmitted to the black fly during feeding.
The vector :Simulium damnosum

15. The control
1- control black flies is difficult task because this insect deposit its eggs in running water which used by human and animal . 2- To prevent annoyance ,some form of spray or ointment may be applied, to the skin and face keeps the insects away. 3- Wearing heavy -duty ,light-colored clothing, including long-sleeve, shirts ,long pants and hats.