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Chapter 4 Life in the English Colonies
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Section 1: Forms of Govt OBJECTIVES • Discuss how the colonists exercised control in their local governments and courts. • Identify the reasons James II established the Dominion of New England, and analyze colonists’ responses to it. • Explain how the Glorious Revolution affected the colonies.
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A. Governing the Colonies
All had a governor- appointed or elected Most modeled their govt after English Parliament Bicameral legislature Some colonial assemblies had more power than governor Town meetings
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B. Colonial Courts Colonial courts influenced by both England and colonies Often protected natural rights Freedom of speech Libel?
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C. Glorious Revolution James II tried to gain more control over colonies Dominion of New England Was a catholic- people of England upset with him James was overthrown in Glorious Revolution Colonist excited because things went back to normal Liked their independence
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Section 2: Growth of Trade
OBJECTIVES • Explain why the Pilgrims wanted to leave England. • Describe the Mayflower Compact and why it was important. • Discuss life in Plymouth.
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A. Navigation Acts Mercantilism- create wealth by controlling trade
Balance of Trade Positive Negative Imports Exports Navigation Acts- set trade restrictions on colonies to favor England Only trade certain items with England Only use English ships All goods had to go through English ports first- applied Duties
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B. American Smugglers Traders smuggled in goods to avoid taxes
Smuggled in items: Sugar, molasses, and rum This smuggling was often overlooked by English officials Did not enforce
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C. Trade networks Triangular trade
System of trade between England, African, and the Americas Manufactured goods to Africa Slaves to the Americas Raw Materials to England
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D. Middle Passage Trip from Africa to Americas
Slave ships had horrible conditions Could last 3 months Ships over packed Slaves not allowed to move for long periods of time, even to use the bathroom Diseases broke out Many tried to jump overboard
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Section 3: The Economy OBJECTIVES • Explain how climate and geography affected each colonial region’s economy. • Examine each colonial region’s source of labor, and explain why it developed differently. • Analyze women’s economic roles in the colonies.
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A. Southern Economy Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia Warm climate and long growing season Many small farms and large planation Cash crops- tobacco, rice, indigo Eventually cotton- too labor heavy at first Relied on slave labor Slave codes Turned slaves into property
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B. New England Colony Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Harsher climate and rocky soil Did not crow cash crops, little need to import slaves Relied heavily on sea trade and fishing Merchants and craftspeople made up strong middle class appretices
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C. Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
Mix of South and North Relied on farming and commerce Staple crops- Slaves and indentured servants both important, however, immigrants settling here supplied sufficient labor force Slavery not as important as in south
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D. Colonial Women Women played many roles in economy
Running farms and businesses Teachers Nurses However, most women were restricted by laws Married women could not work outside the home without husbands permission Husband had right to wife’s wages
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Section 4: The Great Awakening
OBJECTIVES • Analyze the message of the Great Awakening. • Describe colonists’ responses to the Great Awakening. • Examine the way the Great Awakening helped bring colonists together.
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A. Revival of Faith Church leaders fear people less religious
Host revivals- to revive the faith Great Awakening- a revival of church activity in 1730’s and 40’s Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Both ministers drew thousands for their sermons Message: anyone can be saved, but only through God
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B. Old and New Lights Old Lights- traditionalists- did not believe in the excitement New Lights- followers of Great Awakening Movement eventually reached the Frontier Had an effect on all parts of society Men, women, slaves, politics Bridged some differences between colonies
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Section 5: American Culture
OBJECTIVES • Explain how the Scientific Revolution affected Enlightenment philosophy. • Describe what education was like in the colonies. • Analyze colonial scientists’, writers’, and artists’ contributions to American culture.
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A. Scientific Revolution
Scientific revolution- search for knowledge on how the world works Math, science, astronomy Galileo- confirmed planets revolve around sun Newton- set foundation for study of physics Scientific method- careful study, then form theories around observations
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B. Enlightenment Using scientific method when studying society and human nature Social contract- John Locke- people have right to equality and liberty If leaders don’t honor social contract, people can abolish that govt
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C. Schools New England colonies- had to read bible- so reading important New England Primer Education was harder to come by in middle and southern colonies Higher education Yale Harvard
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D. Colonial Scientist Philadelphia was center of study
David Rittenhouse- designed math and astronomy instruments Benjamin Banneker- free African American- studied astronomy John Bartram- botanist Benjamin Franklin- significant thinker Poor Richard’s almanac Famous sayings Scientific experiments Many inventions
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