1. Writing up Research

2. Experiment research (1)controlled scientific experiment
(2)correlational
(3)survey questionnaires or case studies
(4)computer models to explain or predict

3. Common characteristics
A research question
A hypothesis
Design the study to reject or support the hypothesis
Statistical tests

4. Typical sections of the experimental research repor
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion or Conclusion

5. Introduction First Stage: setting
Second Stage: already studied by other
Third Stage: need for more investigation
Fourth Stage: purpose of this study
Fifth Stage: give a value for this study

6. Stage 1: The setting
Begin with accepted statements of fact related to your general area (Universe)
Within the general area, identify one subarea(Galaxy, which includes your topic)
Indicate your topic (Star)
Arrange ideas in logical sequence
Linking ideas through old and new information order

7. Stage 2: Reviewing previous research
Use a logical plan to order your citations
Citations ordered
Chronologically
earliest ……
latest
Citations grouped by approach
Citations ordered from distant to close
One approach
another approach

8. Stage 2: Reviewing previous research
Use information prominent at the beginning in Stage 2
Use author prominent to report specific findings later in Stage 2
information prominent
author prominent (related to your own)
information
Last name of author
Date
information
Last name of author
Date

9. Stage 3,4,5:Advancing to present research
Indicate a gap in the research in S3
the previous literature described in Stage 2 is inadequate because an important aspect of the research area has been ignored by other authors
There is an unresolved conflict among the authors of previous studies
An examination of the previous literature suggests an extension of the topic
Raises a new research question not previously considered by other workers in your field
{However, few studies have reported on ……}

10. Stage 3,4,5:Advancing to present research
Stage 4: the statement of purpose
{The purpose/aim/objective of this thesis is to……}
{The purpose of this study/investigation/research was to….
Research orientation
Research question

11. Stage 3,4,5:Advancing to present research
Stage 5: the Statement of Value
Practical benefits
{The results could be useful to….}
{This research may provide an alternative to...}
Theoretical importance
{Results of this study may suggest a broader hypothesis for further research into ….
{This study may be of importance in explaining….}

12. Method Overview of the Experiment Population/Sample Location
Restrictions/limiting Conditions
Sampling technique
Procedures(step-by-step, chronologically)
Materials
Variables
Statistical Treatment

13. Materials Laboratory equipment Field equipment
Human or animal subjects
Natural substances
Fabricated materials
Surveys, questionnaires and tests
Computer models
Mathematical models

14. Describing specially designed materials: three steps
A: Overview: give a general idea of the material and the purpose for which it is intended
B: Description of principal parts: in logical sequence
From top to bottom, front to back, left to right
From center to the outside
From beginning to end
C: Functional description: how the features described in Step B function together

15. Integrating Materials with Procedure
Materials and method are described separately
Materials and method are described in an integrated form
{The nickel was then allowed to settle…..
method
materials

16. Results Three information elements Element 1:Location of results
A statement that locates the figure where the results can be found
Element 2:Most important findings
Element 3:Comments
Statements that comment on the results

17. Results Two patterns for ordering comments (1) R1+C1;R2+C2;R3+C3
(2) R1+R2+R3+C
R=Results(Element 2)
C=Comments(Element 3)

18. Comments(Element 3) Generalize from the results
Explain possible reasons for the results
Compare the results with results from other studies

19. Element 1:Location of results
{Results of the t-tests are presented in Table 1
{Table 4 summarizes the test results on…}

20. Element 2:Most important findings
Comparison
{A had faster eye movements than B}
{The highest A was found among…}
Tendency
{Prices showed a tendency to increase…}
{…tended to decline ….}
{…rose /fell/increased/decreased/dropped/remained constant/declined….}
Correlation or association
{A was correlated with/negatively correlated/associatied with B}
{A was not highly/significantly/closely related to B}

21. Element 3:Comments
{This is consistent with earlier finding suggesting….}
{These results can/may be explained by…}
{It appears/seems/is likely that….}

22. Discussion or Conclusion
Original hypothesis
Finding
Whether or not finding support the hypothesis
Whether finding agree with other researchers
Explanation for findings
Limitations
Implications of the study
Need for further research
Practical applications

23. {One possible explanation is that…}
{We acknowledge that…}
{We can no longer assume that…}
{Clearly, this…..}
{It is possible that….}
{This research attempted to ….}
{These results are in substantial agreement with those of….}