1. and how to discuss them meaningfully
Diction, Syntax & Tone
and how to discuss them meaningfully

2. Definitions

3. Definitions Syntax - Sentence structures
1. Sentence length
Telegraphic (less than 5 words)
Short (about 5 words)
Medium (about 18 words)
Long (30 words +)
Tone: the attitude of an author toward her subject matter and/or audience

4. Does the author vary their beginnings with…
a. variety?
b. pattern?
3. Arrangement of ideas in a sentence
4. Arrangement of ideas in paragraph

5. Sentence patterns?:
a. Declarative – statement –
The king is sick.
b. Imperative – commands –
Go tell the people the king is sick.
c. Interrogative – asks
The king is sick?
d. Exclamatory – emphasis
Oh my goodness, the king is sick!

6. Simple sentence – single subject or compound subject, but has only 1 independent clause and no dependent clauses
The singer bowed to her adorning audience
Compound Sentence – has 2 independent clauses which must be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction or semicolon
“I usually don’t mind missing school, but this is not fun.”

7. Complex Sentence – contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (in red)
“When I get back to school, I’m actually going to appreciate it.”
“I won’t even complain about math class, although I might be talking out of my head because I’m feverish.”

8. Compound-Complex Sentence – contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (in red)
“Yes, I have a bad flu, and because I need to get well soon, I won’t think about school just yet.”
(two independent clauses; one dependent clause)

9. Loose Sentence
Makes sense if brought to a close before the actual ending:
We reached Edmonton/that morning/after a turbulent flight/and some exciting experience
Why would an author use this style?

10. Periodic Sentence
Makes sense only when the end of the sentence is reached
That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton
Why would an author use this style?

11. Balanced/Parallel Sentence
Phrases or clauses balance each other in structure, meaning, or length
He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside still waters

12. Periodic, Loose, or Balanced?
Next morning when the first light came into the sky and the sparrows stirred in the trees, when the cows rattled their chains and the rooster crowed and the early automobiles went whispering along the road, Wilbur awoke and looked for Charlotte.
E.B. White

13. Diction: an author’s choice of words, especially with regard to correctness, clearness, or effectiveness
Any of the four generally accepted levels of diction—formal, informal, colloquial, or slang—may be correct in a particular context but incorrect in another or when mixed unintentionally. Most ideas have a number of alternate words that the writer can select to suit his or her purposes. “Children,” “kids,” “youngsters,” “youths,” and “brats,” for example, all have different evocative values. Encyclopedia Britannica

14. When assessing diction, first consider: REGISTER (aka, level of formality)
High or formal diction: dignified, elevated, usually impersonal language, with elaborate or sophisticated vocabulary. “High style” may refer to grammar or syntax manipulated for artistic effect. Often polysyllabic.
Middle or neutral diction: grammatically accurate language using common, unexceptional vocabulary; easy to understand.
Low or informal diction: plain, everyday language, possibly including slang, vulgarity, and dialect; often monosyllabic.

15. Then consider: Denotation vs. Connotation
Denotation: the direct, specific, literal meaning of a word
Connotation: something suggested by a word or thing; its implication Merriam Webster
In assessing diction and tone, we need to consider the connotative value of words more than their denotative value.

16. Terminology for describing register (Register refers to the degree of formality of language, but in a more general sense it means the language used by a group of people who share similar work or interests, such as doctors or lawyers)
For high, formal style: cultured, learned, pretentious, archaic, scholarly, pedantic, ornate, elegant, flowery
For middle, neutral style: unadorned, plain, detached, simple
For low, informal style: abrupt, terse, laconic, homespun, colloquial, vulgar, (filled with) slang

17. Terminology for discussing connotation or denotation:
You will find fewer extracts from literature that are strictly denotative rather than connotative. However, you may find that the first list applies to writing by authors such as Hemingway who employ a more direct and unadorned style, non-fiction, straightforward action narratives, etc.
Denotative language: literal, exact, journalistic, straightforward, unembellished, jargon-filled
Connotative language: poetic, lyrical, figurative, symbolic, metaphoric, obscure, sensuous, grotesque, picturesque

18. Considerations for analyzing diction:
Does the author choose concrete or abstract expression?
Are the words monosyllabic or polysyllabic?
Do the words have clearly negative, positive, or other connotations?
Is the diction formal or colloquial?
Is there a marked change in the level of diction at any point in the passage?
What can the reader infer about the speaker or the speaker’s attitude from the word choice?
Is the language intended to sound pleasing, or harsh?

19. Diction as a means of establishing tone:
Remember that tone refers to the author’s rather than the speaker’s attitude—however, assessing the speaker’s attitude is a first step in drawing conclusions about the author’s.
What seems to be the speaker’s attitude in the passage?
Is there more than one attitude or point of view expressed?
Does the passage have a noticeable emotional mood or atmosphere?
Can anything in the passage be described as irony? If so, this may indicate that the author’s tone differs from the speaker’s.

20. How to assess diction and tone
Always use an adjective when describing both diction and tone.
Remember that the adjective you apply to the tone needs to be a word that can describe an attitude.
When in doubt, use a formula such as this one:
“___ diction contributes to the ___ tone.”
Or, in somewhat greater detail:
“In [name of work], [author] writes in a [connotation] [level of formality] style. Her use of [connotation descriptor] and [level of formality descriptor] language [achieves this specific purpose].”
“In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad writes in a highly connotative high style. His use of abstract, poetic, and ornate language establishes existential themes of fate and meaninglessness.”

21. Consider the following example:
Bouncing into view, she illuminated the entire room with the joyous glow on her face as she gushed about her fiancé and their wedding plans. What specific words create feeling in the sentence? What words did the author use to create that mood or feeling?

22. Bouncing into view, she illuminated the entire room with the joyous glow on her face as she gushed about her fiancé and their upcoming nuptials.
[bouncing – illuminated – joyous – glow – gushed] What kind of words are these? How might you describe them?
Cheerful diction contributes to the euphoric tone.
Exuberant diction contributes to the joyful tone.

23. Can the same passage be rewritten with different diction and tone?
Bouncing into view, she illuminated the entire room with the joyous glow on her face as she gushed about her fiancé and their upcoming nuptials.
How would you change the terms in bold to rewrite this passage with lackluster diction to indicate indifferent tone?

24. Example #2:
She huddled in the corner, clutching her tattered blanket and shaking convulsively, as she feverishly searched the room for the unknown dangers that awaited her ____ diction contributes to the ____ tone.
(Perhaps frightening and alarming? However, there are many other possibilities. Can you rewrite this passage with different diction and tone?)

25. A final tip:
Please do not ever say, “The author uses [a lot of] diction.” This is tantamount to saying, “The author writes [a lot of] words.”
A discussion of diction is meaningless unless you precede the term diction with an adjective that aptly describes the specific nature of the words.
Finally, in commentary, what makes your discussion of diction truly worthwhile is establishing a clear link between it and what you’ve identified as the purpose or main idea of the passage under consideration.