1. Chapter 3: Verbals

2. What is a verbal?
A form of a verb that performs the function of a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Ex. Running is good exercise
Running is a gerund, subject of the sentence
Ex. Running swiftly, he caught the thief
Running is a participle, modifying “he”
Ex. The boy is running down the street
Running is a sentence verb.

3. What is a verbal? A verbal can NOT take the place of a sentence verb.
Ex. The boy running
This is a fragment!
Ex. The boy running up the stairs is Charles
Running is a participle, modifying boy

4. What is a verbal? A verbal can NOT take the place of a sentence verb.
Ex. To face an audience.
This is a fragment!
Ex. To face an audience was a great effort for me.
To face is an infinitive, subject of the sentence

5. Types of verbals Gerund Participle Infinitive
There are three types of verbals
Gerund
Participle
Infinitive

6. Types of verbals – 1. Gerund
Definition of a Gerund:
Verbal used as a noun
in present tense ends –ing
Be careful not to confuse it with a participle, which is used as an adjective.

7. Gerund as a subject
Because a gerund is a noun, it can be used as a subject
Ex. Planning the work carefully required a great deal of time.
The gerund is Planning

8. Gerund as a complement
Because a gerund is a noun, it can be used as a complement
Ex. I appreciated your taking time to help me
The gerund is taking

9. Gerund as an object of a preposition
Because a gerund is a noun, it can be used as an object of a preposition
Ex. She was not to blame for breaking the vase
The gerund is breaking

10. Gerund as an appositive
Because a gerund is a noun, it can be used as an appositive
Ex. His greatest ambition, teaching, became a reality

11. Advanced Gerunds A. Gerund’s can also take an object, like a verb.
Ex. Planning the work carefully required a great deal of time
The object of Planning is “the work carefully”
Ex. She was not to blame for breaking the vase
The object of breaking is “the vase”

12. Advanced Gerunds
B. Always use the possessive form of a noun or pronoun before a gerund.
- Ex. Mr Bridges was surprised at Doug’s offering him the motorboat.

13. Types of verbals – 2. Participle
Definition of a Participle:
Verbal used as an adjective
in present tense ends –ing
In past tense ends in –ed, -d, -t, -n, or may have a vowel change
sing -> sung

14. Participle Examples Ex. The broken doll can be mended
The participle is broken
Ex. An old coat, faded and torn, was her only possession
- The participles are faded and torn

15. Types of verbals – 3. Infinitive
Definition of an infinitive:
It is the simplest form of the verb and the word to

16. Uses of infinitive verbals
It can be used as a noun
Ex. To err is human
To err is the infinitive, subject
Adjective
Ex. He had a few books to read
To read is the adjective, modifying books

17. Uses of infinitive verbals
Or as an adverb.
Ex. Frank seemed eager to go
To go is the adverb modifying eager.
HINT: If you can use the phrase “in order” before it, it is usually an adverb
Ex. Katy paid ten dollars (in order) to get good seats.

18. Advanced Uses of infinitive verbals
What about?
Susan helped carry the packages.
To is omitted because it is understood as “Susan helped to carry the packages.”
It is a noun, direct object of helped