1. Exams returned W 2/13----Bonus #1 due F 2/15

2. As DNA changes;
traits change.
DNA
Traits

3. Changes to groups, not individuals.
Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O
Changes to groups, not individuals.

4. Changes to groups, not individuals.
Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O
Changes to groups, not individuals.
Apply
antibiotic O
Continues to replicate X X X O O O X X X O O O O O O O X X X X O O O O O O O O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O
Population of resistant bacteria

5. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

6. Natural Selection:
Individuals that are most successful at reproducing will pass on more of their genetic information.

7. Reproductive success = evolutionary success

8. Are genes the only replicators?

9. Memes: transmissible ideas
Ideas can act similarly to genes
Contain information
Replicate with imperfect fidelity

10. Mutations

11. Memes: transmissible ideas
Ideas can act similarly to genes or viruses
Contain information
Replicate with imperfect fidelity

12. Memes: transmissible ideas
Ideas can act similarly to genes or viruses
Contain information
Replicate with imperfect fidelity
Evolve: most successful replicators become most abundant

13. Contrasts between memes and genes
Slow replication
High copy fidelity
Universal in organisms
Memes
Rapid replication
Low copy fidelity
Limited to some organisms
Only humans can transmit complex memes?

14. Selection of memes and genes can be at odds
Evolution of memes and genes
Selection of memes and genes can be at odds
NvN chpt 8

15. Humans can pass on genes and/or memes

16. Do memes make humans unique?

17. Human Population Growth

18. Natural Selection:
Individuals that are most successful at reproducing will pass on more of their genetic information.

19. Artificial Selection:
Individuals chosen by humans will reproduce and pass on their genetic information.

20. from Teosinte Maize By artificial selection that
began ~10,000 years ago.

21. Wild Brassica oleracea: small side buds
Artificial selection
Number of Individuals
Size of buds (cm) 1 2 3
1. Select individuals
that have the largest
side buds and breed them.
2. Of the offspring,
select individuals that
have the largest side
buds and breed them.
3. Of the offspring,
4. After several
generations, bud size
increases dramatically.
Figure: 1.3a
Caption:
(a) This plant is a wild member of the mustard family. It is the progenitor of broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and other domesticated plants.
Brussels sprouts:
extremely large side buds

22. Selection only works if there is variability in the population
Wild Brassica oleracea:
small side buds
Selection only works if there is variability in the population
Artificial selection
Number of Individuals
Size of buds (cm) 1 2 3
1. Select individuals
that have the largest
side buds and breed them.
2. Of the offspring,
select individuals that
have the largest side
buds and breed them.
3. Of the offspring,
4. After several
generations, bud size
increases dramatically.
Figure: 1.3a
Caption:
(a) This plant is a wild member of the mustard family. It is the progenitor of broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and other domesticated plants.
Brussels sprouts:
extremely large side buds

23. Different foods from one species of plant. Created by artificial
selection.
CB 22.10

24. Individuals are selected…
But populations evolve via changes in DNA during reproduction.

25. Evolution can only occur when both of these conditions are met:
Genetic diversity gives rise to individuals with different traits
and
Not all individuals can reproduce
CB 22.9

26. Variation of a trait within a species
CB 23.11
Variation of a trait within a species

27. Three basic types of selection…
Directional
Stabilizing
Disruptive

28. Directional Selection
CB 23.12
Directional Selection

29. Directional Selection has led to an increase in swallow size

30. Stabilizing Selection
CB 23.12
Stabilizing Selection

31. Human birth weight has been stably selected

32. CB 23.12
Disruptive Selection

33. Disruptive Selection in blackbellied seedcrackers

34. The three different types of selection
CB 23.12
The three different types of selection

35. Evolution:
A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce due to…
Non-random changes (natural selection)
Random changes (genetic drift/bottleneck)
Mutations add new alleles or genes

36. Exams returned W 2/13----Bonus #1 due F 2/15