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From the Mongol Empire to Columbus: The Early Origins of Globalization
Summer Week 2 Lecture
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Inner-Asia ( C.E.) Created a dual state with Khitan and Chinese areas North was Khitan They use Chinese military technology in the conquest
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China (800-1400 C.E.) Song Dynasty (960-1279 C.E.)
Founded by Zhou Kuangyin in 960 Attempt to solve the Khitan problem in the 12th century by aligning with Jurchens
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Breakout: The Mongol Empire
From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: the rise of the Mongol Empire Temujin’s rise Father was a minor chieftain, but was murdered before Temujin turned ten Temujin’s mother held family together after they were deserted by the clan Won a reputation as a great leader
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Breakout: The Mongol Empire
From Temujin to Chinggis Khan (con’t) Chinggis Khan then began expansion to hold his followers together Setbacks marked outer limits of Mongol Empire Difficulty penetrating jungles of Southeast Asia
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The Mongols (1200-1400 C.E.) Conquests
Under Chinggis (ca ) response was to move outward Resulted in the creating of the largest-ever empire in world history Reconfigures society as a military organization
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Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment
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Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t) Mongol success was due to their well-led, organized, and disciplined army Military unites of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 warriors
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Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t) Mongol success (con’t) Vast numbers of conquered peoples were incorporated into the army
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Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t) Kingdom of Khwarizm murdered Mongol envoys
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Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t) Ability to mobilize resources Centralized bureaucracy began Practiced religious toleration
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Encountering the Mongols: China
China and the Mongols Began in northern China (ruled by dynasties of nomadic origin), was vastly destructive Conquest of southern China (ruled by Song dynasty) was far less violent
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Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three Cases
China and the Mongols (con’t) Khubilai Khan (r C.E.) had a set of ancestral tablets made
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The Mongols ( C.E.) The death of Chinggis created internal divisions but did not halt conquest Under Khubilai (r ) Mongols completed the conquest of China
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Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Total Mongol population was only about ¾ million
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Breakout: The Mongol Empire
The Mongols (con’t) Did not have major cultural impact on the world
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The Mongols (1200-1400 C.E.) Subject Population
Different regions had different forms of government
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From the Mongols to the Ming
Naval expeditions Extended presence of Ming Dynasty Regional Exploration
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Technological Advancements
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European Discovery and Expansion
Overseas conquest and exploration Expansion began with the Viking voyages across the Atlantic (9th-10th centuries)
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Portugal (con’t) Prince Henry the Navigator (1349- 1460)
Begins Portuguese Empire Strait of Gibraltar School of Cartography Claims Azores Islands Cape Bojador The edge of the world?
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Portugal Vasco da Gama ( ) Goa
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Portugal Ferdinand Magellan ( ) Philippines
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Technological Stimuli
Technology played a pivotal role in expansion Combined these contribute to European maritime success and eventual supremacy
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The Explorer’s Motivations
Religion Economics Rivalry Spain; Ferdinand and Isabella; Columbus
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Motivations (con’t) Intellectual curiosity about physical universe
Christopher Columbus
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‘Discovering’ N. and S. America
Amerigo Vespucci ( ) Right after Columbus Not just islands Maps parts of the coasts
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‘Discovering’ N. and S. America (con’t)
Christopher Columbus ( ) Italian sailing for Spain Many Voyages … 1498
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Columbus (con’t)
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Global Trade Networks The Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch established successive commercial empires The Europeans paid in silver and gold
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The Impact of Contact Columbian Exchange Agricultural revolution
New foods = healthier diets = population growth
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Columbian Exchange (con’t)
Goods (etc) exchanged between Eastern and Western Hemisphere
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Things to think about … Wheat Cattle And much more … Narcotics/Drugs
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Adverse Consequences of Exchange
Wealth Disease The Results?
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